USING CENTER OF GRAVITY EQUATION FOR MICA AND SMECTITE IN EVALUATION OF K-STATUS IN SOME SOILS OF IRAQI KURDISTAN REGION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/w953r397Keywords:
center gravity, weathering, potassium.Abstract
Ten soil sites were chosen in Iraqi Kurdistan region, included the governorates of (Sulaimani, Arbil, and Duhok). These soils were characterized by their similarity in texture, parent material, topography, climatic conditions, and equal rainfall, in order to study the use of the center of gravity equation and mineralogical properties in evaluating the state of potassium in soils of different plant coverage (Forest, crops, and uncultivated soils). Results showed there was a variation in the values of calculated center of gravity for studied soil samples, which ranged between (0.83 – 1.63). The variation in these values was attributed to the variation between the studied soils in their ability for potassium supplying, depending on the nature of plant coverage, soil texture, mineralogical properties, and the intensity of weathering. The X-ray analyses of clay fraction revealed, that the forest soils were content a high amount of 2:1 expandable clay minerals, mica, and interstratified minerals, while the crop and uncultivated soils were contained a low amount of interstratified minerals. The distribution of minerals in studied soils, suggested the transformation of mica into 2:1 expandable clay minerals in forest soils, and no or minimal transformation of mica into 2:1 expandable clay minerals in crop and uncultivated soils.
References
AL – Jaff, B.O. 2006. Natural Occurrence and Formation of Interstratified Minerals With Influence Factors In Some Iraqi Soils. Ph.D. Dissertation College of Agri. Univ. of Baghdad
AL – Jaff, B.O. and S.K. Essa. 2020. Effect of plant coverage on mineralogical changes of mica in rhizosphere. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences: 51(1): 493 – 499. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i1.948
AL – Salam, O. T. 2012. Methods Evaluation of Available Potassium Determination for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) In Different Texture Soils. M.Sc. Thesis College of Agri. Univ. of Baghdad.
AL – Shamare, A.H. 2013. Using center of gravity equation for mica and smectite in evaluation of k- status in some soils of Mesopotamian Plain. MSc. Thesis- college of Agri. Univ. of Baghdad
AL – Wotaify, A.S., and S.K. Essa, 2012. Chloritization phenomenon and its reasons on chestnut soils for north of Iraq. Euphrates J.of Agri. Sci. 4(4): 148 -161
AL – Zubaidi, A.H. and H. Pagel. 1979. Cotent of different potassium forms in some Iraqi soils. Second Sci. Con. Scientific Research foundation, Baghdad, Iraq
AL – Zubaidi, A.H. 2003. The status of potassium in Iraqi soils: In Johnston, A. E. Potassium and water management in west Asia and north Africa. Basel, Sweitzerland: International Potash Institute. pp. 129 – 142
Barre, P.B., N. Velde and L. Abbadi. 2007a. Soil-Plant potassium transfer: Impact of plant activity on clay minerals as seen from X-ray diffraction. Plant S0il. 292: 137 – 146
Barre, P.B., C. Montagnier, C. Chenu, L. Abbadi, and B. Velde. 2008. Clay minerals as a soil potassium reservoir: observation and quantification through X-ray diffraction. Plant Soil. 302: 213 – 220
Calvaruso, C., L. Mareschal, M. Turpault., and E. Leclerc. 2009. Rapid clay weathering in the rhizosphere of Norway spruce and oak in acid forest ecosystem. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. J. 73, 331 – 338
Dixon, J. B., S. B. Weed, J. A. Milford, M.H, and J. L. White. 1977. Minerals in soil environment. Soil Sci. Soc. of Am. Madison Wisconsin, U.S.A
Guven, N. and P.F. Kerr, 1966. Weathering effects on the structures of mica type clay minerals. American Mineralogist. 51(5-6): 858 – 874
Hesse, P. R. 1972. A text book of soil chemical analysis. John Murray. LTD. London, British
IPI (International Potassium Institute), 2001. Potassium in plant production. Basel/Switzerland, pp: 1 – 4
Jackson, M. L. 1958. Soil chemical Analysis. Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood. Cuffs
Krusk, A. S. 2019. Impact of oak forests and uncultivated soils on physic-chemical and mineralogical properties of soil in Iraqi Kurdistan region. Ph.D. Dissertation College of Agriculture University of Salahaddin Iraq
Mam Rasool, G.A. 2008. Physic-Chemical behavior of potassium in predominant soil orders of sulamani governorate. PhD. Thesis College of Agriculture University of Sulaimani Iraq
Pansu, M., and J. Gautheyrou. 2006. Handbook of soil analysis. Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic methods. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer (2006). ISBN 978-3-540-31210-9
Rahimabady, M.S., M. Akbarinia., and Y. Kooch. 2015. The effect of land covers on soil quality properties in the Hyrcanian regions of Iran. J. Bio. Sci. Biotechnol. 4(1): 73 – 79.
Schwertmanu, U., and R.M. Taylor. 1989. Iron oxides, in: Dixon, J.B., and S.B. weed, (Eds.), Minerals in soil environments, 2nded. Soil Sci. Soc. Of Am, Madison, pp. 379-438
Seguin, V., CH. Gagnon., and F. Courchesne. 2004. Changes in water extractable metals, pH and organic carbon concentrations at the soil-root interface of forested soils. Plant and Soil, 260: 1-17
Sheikh Abdullah, S. M. 2012. Effect of plant coverage on transformation of mica to an expandable minerals in some forest soils of Kurdistan region/Iraq. Ph.D. Dissertation College of Agriculture University of Sulamani
Sparks, D.L., and P.M. Huang. Physical chemistry of soil potassium. In: R. Munson, ed. Potassium in Agriculture. Soil. Sci. Soc. Of America. pp. 201-276
Thompson, M.L., and L. Ukrainczyk. 2002. Micas. In: Soil mineralogy with environmental applications (eds J.B. Dixon and D.G. Schulze), pp. 431-466 Soil Sci. Soc. Of Am, Madison, WI
Van Reeuwijk, L.P. 1995. Procedure for soil analysis. ISRIC and FAO, Rome, Technical paper 9
Wilson, M.J. 2004. Weathering of the primary rock-forming minerals: Processes, products and rates. Clay Minerals. 39(3): 233 – 266
Yanai, R.D., H. Majdi, and B.P. Park. 2003. Measured and modeled differences in nutrient concentrations between rhizosphere and bulk soil in a Norway spruce stand. Plant and Soil 257: 133-142.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
2.jpg)
2.jpg)
