ROLE OF AEROBIC BACTERIA ON GANGRENE AMONG SAMPLE OF DIABETES MILLITUS IRAQI PATIENTS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/bvqqnb92Keywords:
gas gangrene, foot ulcer, amputation, colistin and blood supply.Abstract
This study was aimed to identify the types of aerobic bacteria in individuals with gangrene. Among 106 swabs from the site of gangrene in diabetic individuals, the percentage of females was 37 (34.99%), and a male was 69 (65.1%). The highest percentage at age group 46-55 year was in male (33.33%) and 24.32% in females, while the lowest percentage at 15-25 year in female was (5.41%) while in male was zero. The mean age was 54 years among males and females. Out of 106 swabs, 76 different types of bacteria were isolated. The Gram-positive bacteria were dominant 42 (55.3%), the most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (57.1%), and the lowest was Micrococcus (4.9%). The Gram-negative bacteria was 34 (44.7%), with the highest percentage was Pseudomonas (52.9%) and the lowest percentage was Proteus (3%). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion test for antibiotic sensitivity represented those Gram-negative bacteria had a high rate of resistance to vancomycin, clindamycin, and ceftazidime (94.12%) in the same proportion, while the lowest resistance was to Imipenem and Colistin (52.94%), (14.71%) respectively. Gram positive bacteria showed a high resistance to Ceftazidime (100%) and low resistance to Gentamicin and Imipenem (47.62%) then Colistin (30.95%).References
Ali, MD, Z, and S. Sultana, 2012. Gangrene.DOI:10.13140/RG.2.1.4733.5528.
Abaid LN, RH. Thomas, HD. Epstein and BH. Goldstein, 2013. Clostridial abdominal gas gangrene masguerading as a bowel perforation in an advanced-stage ovarian cancer patient. Infection;41:885–888.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-013-0426-y.
Akagawa M, T. Kobayashi, N. Miyakoshi, E. Abe, T. Abe, K. Kikuchi and Y. Shimada, 2015. Vertebral osteomyelitis and epidural abscess caused by gas gangrene presenting with complete paraplegia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. ;9:81.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-015-0567-y.
Alexander, S. K., D. Strete and D. Strete, 2001. Microbiology: a photographic atlas for the laboratory. Benjamin Cummings San Francisco. Vol.6 No.2, June 22, 2016.
Atlas, R. M. 1995. Microorganisms in our world. Mosby-Year Book, Inc., St-Louis,USA.1995pp.850.pp.
Atlas, Ronald M, and J. W. Snyder, 2006. Handbook of media for clinical microbiology. CRC Press.19.
Alvarez-Uria G and R. Reddy ISRN Dermatol. 2012; 2012:24895. doi: 10.1155/2012/932862. Epub 2012 Aug 26. PMID: 22966426; PMCID: PMC3433122.
Al-Wendawi, S. A., and L. A. Gharb. 2021. Antioxidant, antibacterial and antibiofilm potentials of anise (Pimpinella anisum) seeds extracted essential oilss. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 52(2), 348-358. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1296
AL-Joda, B. M. S., and A. H. Jasim, 2021. Biochemical testing revision for identification several kinds of bacteria. Journal of University of Babylon for Pure and Applied Sciences, 29(2), 168-176.
Abd Zaid, A. M., and N. J. Kandala. 2021. Identification of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus using touchdown PCR and phenotypic methods from patients and hospitals environments in different Iraqi cities. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 52(6), 1356-1364. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i6.1475
Bakker DJ. 2012. Clostridialmyonecrosis (gas gangrene). Undersea Hyperb Med. 2012 May-Jun; 39(3):731-7.
Banu A, M.M. Noorul Hassan and J. Rajkumar., et al. 2015. Prospective study of multidrug resistant bacteria causing diabetic foot ulcers in South India. J.Sci.; 5(8):626–9.
Bello C and A. Qahtani. 2005. Pitfalls in the routine diagnosis of Staphylococcus aureus. Afr J Biotechnol; 4(1):83.
Borty, S. C., K. M. B. Hafiz, M. M. Ali, K. Begum., T. Ahammed, M. S. Monir., and M. A. Islam, 2015. Isolation, identification and antibiogram profile of bacteria isolated from dental caries patients of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. (A J M Biol Res), 1(2), 244-253.
Brucato MP, K. Patel and O. Mgbako.2014. Diagnosis of gas gangrene: does a discrepancy exist between the published data and practice. J Foot Ankle Surg.; 53:137-140. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2013.10.009.
Card RM, M. Mafura and T. Hunt, et al. 2015. Impact of ciprofloxacin and clindamycin administration on gram-negative bacteria isolated from healthy volunteers and characterization of the resistance genes they harbor. Antimicrob Agents Chemother.; 59(8):4410-4416.
Choi S, SM.Moon and SJ. Park, et al. 2020. Antagonistic effect of colistin on vancomycin activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in In Vitro and invivo studies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother; 64(4):e01925-19. Published 2020 Mar 24, 16-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.01925-19.
CLSI .2018. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Testing.28th ed. CLSI standard M100.Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; http:/ www.facm.ucl.ac.be /intranet /CLSI/CLSI-2018-M100-S28, 30-90.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01934-17.
Collee, J. G., A. G. Fraser, B. P. Marmion, and A. Simmons, 1996. Mackie McCartney practical medical microbiology 14th edition Churchill Livingstone, New York, 245–258.
Chang, D., L, Sharma., C, Dela Cruz. S., & Zhang, D. 2021. Clinical epidemiology, risk factors, and control strategies of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 750662.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021750662.
Dimri, A. G., Chaudhary, S., Singh, D., Chauhan, A., and Aggarwal, M. L. 2020. Morphological and biochemical characterization of food borne gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Science Archives, 1(1), 16-23.
Dos Santos, G. S., E. G. Solidônio, M. C. V. V. Costa, R. Melo, I. F. A. C. de Souza, G. Silva, and K. X. F. R. Sena, 2015. Study of the Enterobacteriaceae group CESP (Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Serratia, Providencia, Morganella and Hafnia): a review. The battle against microbial pathogens: basic science, technological advances and educational programs, 2, 794-805.
Fabiana Magalhães Navarro-Peternella; P. A. Ana; L. G. O. A. Torquato; F. T. Elen and S. M. Sonia 2016. Differences between genders in relation to factors associated with risk of diabetic foot in elderly persons: A cross-sectional trial. J Clin and Trans Endoc.6, 30-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcte.2016.10.001.
FantaGashe, M.Eshetu, M.Mekidim, and Z. Gemechu, 2018. Antimicrobial resistance profile of different clinical Isolates against Third- generation cephalosporins. J Pharma (cairo). 2018 Sep 9;2018:5070742. doi: 10.1155/2018/5070742. PMID: 30271652; PMCID: PMC6151245.
Finegold, S. M., P. H. Summanen, J. Downes, K. Corbett, and T. Komoriya, 2017. Detection of Clostridium perfringens toxin genes in the gut microbiota of autistic children. Anaerobe, 45,133-137. doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe2017.02.008.
Holt, J. G., N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. T. Staley, and S. T. Williams, 1994. Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology. 9th. Baltimor: William & Wilkins. Vol.2 No.6.
Jehan, S., A. Muhammad and M. Riffat, 2003. Seasonal Variations and Hospitalization Due to Diabetic Foot Complications. (J R M C); 7(2):201-203.
Liu YY, Y. Wang, TR.Walsh, Yi LX, R. Zhang, and J. Spencer, 2016. Emergence of plasmid285 mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a 286 microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis, Feb; 16(2):161-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099 (15) 00424-7.
Lavery, M. J. 2023. Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical dermatology. Clinics in Dermatology, 41(2), 320-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.06.003.
Mutonga, D. M., M. W. Mureithi, N. N. Ngugi and F. C. Otieno, 2019. Bacterial isolation and antibiotic susceptibility from diabetic foot ulcers in Kenya using microbiological tests and comparison with RT-PCR in detection of S. aureus and MRSA. BMC research notes, 12(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103320.
Nather, A., S. B. Chionh, A. Y. Han, P. P. Chan and A. Nambiar, 2010. Effectiveness of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy in the healing of chronic diabetic foot ulcers. Annals Academy of Medicine Singapore, 39(5), 353.
Nikolakopoulos K. M, C. P. Papageorgopoulou, SI. Papadoulas, S. Kakkos, I. Ntouvas and IA.Tsolakis, 2016. Wet gangrene and transmetatrsal amputation: how and why? Res. Cardiovasc. Med, 2016;(2):1–3.
DOI: 10.29011/CRCM-107. 000007.
Onemu, S. O., M. O, Onemu-Metitiri., and E. I. Obeagu, 2023. Prevalence of coagulase negative strains of Staphylococcus aureus in clinical specimens at the university of benin teaching hospital, benin city, nigeria. Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases, 14(4), 49-53. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajrid/2023/v14i4306.
Perim MC, Jda C. Borges, SR. Celeste, Ede F. Orsolin, RR. Mendes and GO Mendes, et al. 2015. Aerobic bacterial profile and antibiotic resistance in patients with diabetic foot infections. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop;48:546-54.
Rakotovao-Ravahatra, Z. D., F. M. Randriatsarafara, R. N. Milasoanjara, M. K. Ranaivosoa, A. L. Rakotovao, and A. Rasamindrakotroka, 2019. Assessment of the coagulase Test in the Identification of Staphylococcus aureus Strains. (J Biol Biomed), 2(3), 105-111.
Rampal, S. R. L., N. K. Devaraj, P. R. Yoganathan, M. A. Mahusin, S. W. Teh, and S. S. Kumar, 2019. Distribution and prevalence of microorganisms causing diabetic foot infection in hospital serdang and hospital ampang for the year 2010 to 2014. Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 17, 256-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2018.11.019.
Salazar, D., O. Ginn, J. Brown, F. Soria., and C. Garvizu, 2020. Assessment of antibiotic resistant coliforms from bioaerosol samples collected above a sewage-polluted river in La Paz, Bolivia. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 228, 113494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113494.
Schwartzman, G., and A, Khachemoune. 2021. Surgical site infection after dermatologic procedures: critical reassessment of risk factors and reappraisal of rates and causes. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 22, 503-510.
Skov R and D. Monnet 2016. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1 gene): three months later, 283 the story unfolds. Euro Surveill.; 21(9):pii 30155.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
2.jpg)
2.jpg)
