STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF MEDIUM COMPOSITION FOR MELANIN PRODUCTION BY LOCAL ISOLATE OF STREPTOMYCES ATROVIRENS TA4

Authors

  • T. S. A-Rubaye Dept. Biotech. Coll. Sci. University of Baghdad
  • K. J. Luti Dept. Biotech. Coll. Sci. University of Baghdad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36103/zzja7t74

Keywords:

central composite design, pigment, starch casein agar, validation, Response surface methodology

Abstract

 Melanin pigment has broad applications in medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture. In this study, Streptomyces atrovirens TA4, a soil isolate was used for the first time to produce bioactive melanin pigment. This work mainly focuses on media optimization and using statistics to obtain optimum concentrations of the medium composition for maximum pigment production. Starch casein broth was the best melanin pigment-producing medium (127.6 mg/L ) among 8 tested media. Central composite design analysis using (Design-Expert-13), a statistics-based method, revealed casein as the most significant factor affecting melanin production with an F-value of 1878.8 and the model exhibited good fitting, with a correlation coefficient of 0.88. An experimental model was generated according to the values of response resolved in the designed experiment and the R2 value was 0.8174. The suggested optimal concentrations of (starch, casein, KNO3 and Nacl) were (20 g\L, 3 g\L, 0.5 g\L and 1 g\L), respectively. The model's accuracy was determined and results showed that the melanin pigment yield was 123 mg\L which was Approximately matches the predicted value (109 mg\L).

Received: 3/5/2024

Accepted: 11/8/2024

Published: 2026/3/31

References

Ahn, SY.; S. Jang; P. D. V. N. Sudheer and KY. Choi, 2021. Microbial Production of Melanin Pigments from Caffeic Acid and L-tyrosine Using Streptomyces glaucescens and FCS-ECH-Expressing Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci.22(5):2413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052413.

Ali, S. I. and Haq. 2010. Production of 3,4-dihydroxy L-phenylalanine by a newly isolated Aspergillus niger and parameter significance analysis by Plackett-Burman design, BMC Biotechnol. 10, (1), 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6750-10-86

Almaliki, S. 2018. Simulation of draft force for three types of plow using response surface method under various field conditions. ijas, 49(6). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v49i6.151.

Anna, G.; S. D¨orte; S. Thomas and Sascha, B. 2015. Optimization of PEG–salt aqueous two-phase systems by design of experiments, Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst.149, part A, 12-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemolab.2015.09.014

Al-Tekreeti, A. R. A., and K. J. K. Luti. 2023. Utilization of an eco-friendly bioactive yellow pigment from Streptomyces thinghirensis AF7 for making colored antimicrobial fabrics. IJS, 64(9), 4415–4426. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2023.64.9.11

Al-Tekreeti, A. R. A. and Khalid, J. K. Luti. 2023. Statistical design based on response Surface Methodology to Optimize the Production of a Yellow Pigment by Streptomyces thinghirensis AF7. IJDDT. 13(2):655-661. https://doi.org/10.25258/ijddt.13.2.28

Al zaidy, A. K.; A. A. Al doori, and E. H. Yousif. 2023. molecular detection of new streptomyces spp. from Iraqi oil contaminated soil. ijas. 54(5), 1298- 1304. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i5.1828

Bundale, S.; D. Begde; N. Nashikkar; T. Kadam and A. Upadhyay, 2015. Optimization of Culture Conditions for Production of Bioactive Metabolites by Streptomyces spp. Isolated from Soil. Advances in Microbiology, 5, 441-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aim.2015.56045

Cabrera-Valladares, N.; A. Martínez; S. Piñero; V. H. Lagunas-Muñoz; R. de Tinoco; R. Anda.; R. de Anda; R. Vázquez-Duhalt; F. Bolívar and G. Gosset, 2006. Expression of the melA gene from Rhizobium etli CFN42 in Escherichia coli and characterization of the encoded tyrosinase. Enzyme Microb. Technol., 38(6), 772–779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.004

Choi, K.Y. 2021. Bioprocess of Microbial Melanin Production and Isolation. Front. Bioeng.Biotechnol. 9:765110. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.765110

Colombo, E. M.; A. Kunova; C. Pizzatti; M. Saracchi; P. Cortesi; M. Pasquali, 2019. Selection of an Endophytic Streptomyces sp. Strain def09 From Wheat Roots as a Biocontrol Agent Against Fusarium graminearum. Front Microbiol. (10):2356. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02356

D’Ischia, M.; K. Wakamatsu and A. Napolitano, 2013. Melanins and melanogenesis: methods, standards, protocols. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. (26):616–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcmr.12121

Ebrahimi, M.A. and N. Zarinpanjeh (2015). Bio-elicitation of β-carboline alkaloids in cell suspension culture of Peganum harmala L. J. Med. Plants, 14 (55): 43-57. 20.1001.1.2717204.2015.14.55.1.6

El-Zawawy, N.A.; E. R. Kenawy; S. Ahmed and S. El-Sapagh. 2024. Bioproduction and optimization of newly characterized melanin pigment from Streptomyces djakartensis NSS-3 with its anticancer, antimicrobial, and radioprotective properties. Microb Cell Fact 23, 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-023-02276-y

Gurme S. T.; S. N. Surwase; A. Patil and J. P. Jadhav. 2014. Evaluation of Various Factors Affecting Bioconversion of-Tyrosine to-DOPA by yeast Yarrowia lipolytica -NCIM 3450 Using Response Surface Methodology. Nat. Prod. Bioprospecting, 4 (3), 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13659-014-0017-3•

Hassan, S.A. and. M.T.S. Al-Khateeb. 2017. biological pre –treatment use local wild strain lignolytic of filamentous bacteria to improve in-vitro dry matter digestibility and reduction lignin content of low-quality roughages. IJAS. 48: 6-11 (Special). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v48iSpecial.2389

Jang, S.; H. Gang; B.-G. Kim and K.-Y. Choi. 2018. FCS and ECH dependent production of phenolic aldehyde and melanin pigment from tyrosine in Escherichia coli. Enzym. Microb. Tech., (112): 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2017.10.011

Ly, A. N. T.; C. Reyes; F. W. M. R. Schwarze and J. Ribera, 2020. Microbial production of melanin and its various applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. (36):1–9. doi: 10.1007/s11274-020-02941-z

Mahmood, H. M.; G. A. Nasir and Q. A. Ibraheem, 2020. relationship between pigments production and biofilm formation from local pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. ijas, 51(5), 1413-1419. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v51i5.1151

Mohammed, S. J.; K. J. Luti and W. H. Khalid. 2018. Classical and Statistical Optimization of Medium Composition for Promoting Prodigiosin Produced by Local Isolate of Serratia Marcescens. Al-Khwarizmi Eng J, 14(4), 92-102. https://doi.org/10.22153/kej.2018.03.006

Mohammed, S. J.B. and K. J. Luti. 2021. Response surface methodology: A review on its applications and challenges in microbial cultures. Mater. Today: Proc. 42,(5):2277-2284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.316

Nair, A. S.; B.P. Kumar and J. A. Geo. 2017. Microbial production of textile grade Nair AS, Kumar BP, Geo JA. Microbial production of textile grade. African J Microbiol Res. (11):1532–7. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR2017.8205

Njoku N. C. and S. K. Otisi. 2023. Application of Central Composite Design with Design Expert v13 in Process Optimization. Response Surface Methodology - Research Advances and Applications. IntechOpen. Available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109704.

Nuanjohn, T.; N. Suphrom; N. Nakaew; W. Pathom-Aree; N. Pensupa; A. Siangsuepchart; B. Dell, and J. Jumpathong, 2023. Actinomycins from Soil-Inhabiting Streptomyces as Sources of Antibacterial Pigments for Silk Dyeing. Molecules. 28, 5949. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28165949

Polapally, R.; M. Mansani; K. Rajkumar; S. Burgula; B. Hameeda; A. Alhazmi; F. Bantun; A. H. Almalk; S. Haque; H. A. El Enshasy and R. Z. Sayyed. 2022. Melanin pigment of Streptomyces puniceus RHPR9 exhibits antibacterial, antioxidant and anticancer activities. PLoS One. 7(4): e0266676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266676.g001.

Rana, M. and D. M. Umar 2017. optimization of culture conditions to produce secondary metabolites by pleurotus ostreatus. Pak. J. Biotechnol, 14(2),251–256. https://pjbt.org/index.php/pjbt/article/view/485

Rudrappa, M.; R. S. Kumar; D. S. Basavarajappa; M.P. Bhat; S. K.Nagaraja; A. I. Almansour; K. Perumal and S. Nayaka, 2013. Penicillium citrinum NP4 mediated production, extraction, physicochemical characterization of the melanin, and its anticancer, apoptotic, photoprotection properties. Int J Biol Macromol. 245: (125547). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125547

Saud H.M and M. A. Alaubydi, 2019. EFFECT OF CLINICAL Klebsiella pneumoniae EXTRACTED MELANIN ON SOME IMMUNE ASPECTS IN MICE. IJAS, 50(1). https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v50i1.301

Sholkamy, E. N.; P. Muthukrishnan; N. Abdel-Raouf; X. Nandhini; I.B.M. Ibraheem and A.A. Mostafa, 2020. Antimicrobial and antinematicidal metabolites from Streptomyces cuspidosporus strain SA4 against selected pathogenic bacteria, fungi and nematode. Saudi J Biol Sci. 27(12):3208-3220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.08.043.

Surwase, S. N.; S. B. J adhav; S. S. Phugare and J. P. Jadhav. 2013. Optimization of melanin production by Brevundimonas sp. SGJ using response surface methodology. 3 Biotech. 3(3):187-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-012-0082-4•

Downloads

Published

2026-03-31

Issue

Vol. 57 No. 3 (2026)

Section

Articles

License

Copyright (c) 2026 T. S. A-Rubaye , K. J. Luti

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

A-Rubaye, T. S., & Luti, K. (2026). STATISTICAL OPTIMIZATION OF MEDIUM COMPOSITION FOR MELANIN PRODUCTION BY LOCAL ISOLATE OF STREPTOMYCES ATROVIRENS TA4. IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, 57(3), 968-979. https://doi.org/10.36103/zzja7t74