EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHITIN AND CHITOSAN FROM LOCAL IRAQI FISH SCALES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/1zah0b15Keywords:
: biopolymer, chitin, decoloration, demineralisation thermo gravimetric analysis, recyclingAbstract
Both chitin and deacylated form of chitosan are considered the second most biopolymer available in nature after cellulose. Chitin and chitosan have an economic value related to their industrial, biological and biomedical applications. In this study, chitin was extracted from of Iraqi carp fish scales (Cyprinus carpio L.) and then deacylated into the chitosan. The obtained samples have been distinguished through Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The FTIR analysis for chitin showed the characteristic spectra at 1541 cm-1 and 1647 cm-1 associated to N-H bending vibration and C=O stretching vibration respectively. Thus, the FTIR spectra of chitosan gave characteristics bands of 1647 cm-1 for a carbonyl group. Thus, thermogravimetric analysis suggests that chitin had been found to be more stable than chitosan. Moreover, study of physiochemical properties for obtained chitosan was identified the molar mass (MW) of prepared chitosan to be 2.5 x 105(g/mol) with 4.5%moisture content, 0.050% ash and insoluble content about 0.59%. The degree of deacetylation (DD) was also studied based on potentiometric titration and FTIR were reached to 57% and 63% respectively. It has been confirmed by the functional properties of the prepared chitosan that it can be commercially used in different fields. Preparing chitosan from fish waste would be minimise the pollutants to the environment.
References
Abdou ES, KSA. Nagy, MZ. Elsabee. 2008. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from local sources. Bioresour Technol:99:1359–67.Doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.01.051
Adnan, A. A., and K. A. Shakir,. 2021. Functional properties of catfish skin collagen hydrolysates. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 52(6):1528-1540. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i6.1494
Alobaidy, A.A.; and O.K. Jbara,. 2021. Production risk analysis of fish farming projects in fish ponds and floating cages a case study diyala governorate. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 52(2):403-410. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1301
Aziz, A. A; and S.A. Abd Al-Latif,. 2024. Impact of polymers, different irrigation programs and selenium follar on reducing amount of irrigation water for iris plants. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 55(2):769-781. https://doi.org/10.36103/1hgj3950
Borić, M., F. A. Vicente, D. L. Jurković, Novak, U., and B. Likozar. 2020. Chitin isolation from crustacean waste using a hybrid demineralization/DBD plasma process. Carbohydrate Polymers,116648.doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116648.
Clark, J. H. 2019. Green biorefinery technologies based on waste biomass. Green Chemistry, 21(6), 1168–1170 https://doi.org/10.1039/C9GC90021G.
De Queiroz Antonino, R., Lia Fook, B., de Oliveira Lima, V., de Farias Rached, R., Lima, E., da Silva Lima, R. Lia and M. Fook. 2017. Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan Obtained from Shells of Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei Boone). Marine Drugs, 15(5), 141. doi:10.3390/md15050141).
Domszy, J.G.; and G.A. Roberts,. 1985. Evaluation of infrared spectroscopic techniques for analysing chitosan. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 186, 1671–1677. https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.1985.021860815
Huthman AS, Buhari F, Olagunju J, Odawn A, Huthman OI. 2013. Chemical analysis and characterization of shrimp chitosan in shrimp shell waste from lagos lagoon, Nizeria. Int J Chem Pharm Res 2:377–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.729
Islam M.S, S. Khan, and M. Tanaka. 2004. Waste loading in shrimp and fish processing effluents: potential source of hazards to the coastal and nearshore environments. Mar Pollut Bull. Jul; 49(12): 10310 doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2004.01.018. PMID: 15234879.
Islam, S., Bhuiyan, M.A.R. and M.N. Islam. Chitin and Chitosan. 2017. Structure, Properties and Applications in Biomedical Engineering. J Polym Environ 25, 854–866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-016-0865-5.
Jiang TD. Chitosan. 2001. Beijing, China: Chemical Industry Press. p. 91, 100, 108.
Jiang X, L. Chen, and W. Zhong. 2003. A new linear potentiometric titration method for the determination of deacetylation degree of chitosan. Carbohydr Polym;54:457–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2003.05.004.
KFDA. Food Additives Code. 1995. Seoul: Korea Food and Drug Administration; p. 449-51.
Kumari, S., and P. K. Rath,. 2014. Extraction and Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan from (Labeo rohit) Fish Scales. Procedia Materials Science, 6,482489. doi:10.1016/j.mspro. 07.062
Martin-Saldaña, S., M. T. Chevalier, M. J. Iglesias, S. L. Colman, C. A. Casalongué, V. A. Álvarez, and A. A. Chevalier. 2018. Salicylic acid loaded chitosan microparticles applied to lettuce seedlings: Recycling shrimp fishing industry waste. Carbohydrate Polymers, 200, 321–331. doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.08.019.
Nafie, M. H.; and I.A. Zaidan. 2023. Efficacy of zinc sulfide-chiostan nanoparticles against bacterial diabetic wound infection. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 54(1):1- 17. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i1.1671
Nations, F., and A.O.U .2018. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018(2018thed.).https://doi.org/10.18356/8d6ea4b6-en.
Rinaudo, M., Milas, Le, M., and P. Dung. 1993.Characterization of chitosan. Influence of ionic strength and degree of acetylation on chain expansion. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 15, 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(93)90027-J
Sania,.S.A.,R.Ladchumananandasivam, B. Rocha, D. Belarmino and A.Galvão, 2012. The Use of Exoskeletons of Shrimp Litopenaeus vanammei) and Crab (Ucides cordatus) for the Extraction of Chitosan and Production of Nanomembrane. Materials Sciences and Applications, Vol. 3 No. 7,pp. 495-508. doi: 10.4236/msa.2012.37070.
Sagheer F.A.A, M.A. Al-Sughayer, Muslim S, and M.Z. Elsabee. 2009. Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from marine sources in Arabian Gulf. Carbohydr Polym; 77:410–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.01.032
Salaberria, A.M. and J. Labidi, Susana C.M.Fernandes.2014.Chitin nanocrystals and nanofibers as nano-sized fillers into thermoplastic starch-based biocomposites processed by melt-mixing. Chemical Engineering Journal, Elsevier, 2014, 256, pp.356-364. ⟨10.1016/j.cej.2014.07.009⟩. ⟨hal-01559951⟩.
Shamshina, J. L., P. Berton, and R. D. Rogers. 2019. Advances in functional chitin materials: A review. ACS Sustainable Chemistry and Engineering, 7(7), 6444–6457. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b06372.
Sharef, H.Y.; and N.A. Fakher,. 2024. Preparation and characterization of new imine- functional group for fast removal of Cr(III) in some supplements from shrimp shell. Iraqi Journal of Agriculture Sciences, :55(3):1075-1087. https://doi.org/10.36103/6prg8p33
Su, H., J. Wang, and Yan, L. 2019. Homogeneously Synchronous Degradation of Chitin into Carbon Dots and Organic Acids in Aqueous Solution. ACS Sustainable ChemistryandEngineering.doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b04436.
Tajik H, M. Moradi, SM. Rohani, Erfani AM, and FS. Jalali. 2008. Preparation of chitosan from brine shrimp (Artemia urmiana) cyst shells and effects of different chemical processing sequences on the physicochemical and functional properties of the product. Molecules;13(6):1263-74. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fmolecules13061263.
Teli, M. D., and J. Sheikh, 2012. Extraction of chitosan from shrimp shells waste and application in antibacterial finishing of bamboo rayon. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 50(5), 11951200.doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.04.003.28. Zeng J. B, Y. S. He, S.L. Li, and Y. Z. Wang. 2012.Chitin Whiskers: An Overview. Biomacromolecules 2012, 13, 1, 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm201564a
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
2.jpg)
2.jpg)
