EVALUATION OF THE PREVALENCE MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM IN BROILER FARMS IN SAMARRA CITY.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/x11s9m87Keywords:
Trachea and air sacs, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, PCRAbstract
This study was aimed to evaluate the extent of the spread for Mycoplasma gallisepticum in the broiler chicken flocks of the Samarra city. 202 samples were collected from eight meat chicken fields in the city of Samarra for the period from September to December 2022, as these samples showed respiratory symptoms. The collected specimens were dissected in order to obtain both the trachea and the air sacs; After isolating the causative agent on Pleuropneumonia - like organisms (PPLOs) medium, mycoplasma infection reached 32.2%. The result appeared in the form of colonies with a shape similar to that of a “fried egg.” The rates of mycoplasma infection at culture for each of the trachea were (41.1%), while in contrast to the air sac samples, which amounted to (22.1%). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results for the 16S rRNA gene also showed a positive result for Mycoplasma gallisepticum. The results were also disturbed by the appearance of respiratory signs, such as coughing and sneezing, along with the presence of ocular and nasal secretions. It was also noted that pathological changes were recorded in both the trachea and air sacs, represented by congestion of these organs.
References
-Abed, A. A, Al-Iedani, A. A. and Neamah, A. J. 2021. Sequencing based phylogenetic analysis of local Mycoplasma gallisepticum of broiler chickens in Al- Dewaniyah Province /Iraq. Annals of the Romanian Society for Cell Biology, 2719-2738.
https://doi: 10.1187/s43053-023-00487-6.
-Abdel Halium, M., Salib, F., Marouf, S., and Abdel Massieh, E. 2019. Isolation and molecular characterization of Mycoplasma spp. in sheep and goats in Egypt. Vet. World. 12(5):664-70. https://doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.664-670.
- Alani, G. A. and A. A. Albadri. 2021. Reasons related to the deterioration of poultry industry for broilers in the middle and southern region of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 52(2): 429-436. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1304
-Al-Hassani, A. S., D. H. Al-Hassani,I. A Abdul-Hassan,. 2022. Insulin like growth factor (IGF-2) gene polymorphisms influences certain biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences 53 (5): 1249-1255. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i5.1639
-Al-Ghurairi R. A. S., W. Kh. A. Al – Hayani, and Y. M. A. Maaeni. 2023. The influence of genistein implantation on offspring sex ratios and their relation to estrogen levels in the blood of Iraqi chickens. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(4), 1016-1025. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i4.1790
-Al-Masari, A. I. and Al-Himdany, H. Q. 2022. Effect of adding artichoke leaves extract powder (Cynarascolymus L.) to The Diet on the productive performance of broilers. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 53(1): 9–15. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i1.1500
- Basit, M. S., Al Mamun, M. , Rahman, M. and Noor, M. 2021. Isolation and Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Commercial Layer Chickens in Sylhet, Bangladesh. World Vet. J. 11(4): 614-620. https://dx.doi.org/10.54203/scil.2021.wvj78.
-Ehtisham-ul-Haque, S., Rahman, S.U., Khan, M.I., Younus, M., Awais, M.M. and Nasir, A. 2015. A simplified duplex real-time PCR incorporating TaqMan minor groove binder (MGB) probes and an exogenous internal positive control for the simultaneous detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae cultures. J. Vet. Med. 60: 268– 273.
https://doi.10.17221/8179-VETMED.html.
- Elbehiry, Ayman; M. Al-Dubaib and E. Marzouk. 2016. Serological, rapid molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance for field isolates of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Chicken in Saudi Arabia. Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences 49 (2): 70-79. https://doi: 10.5455/ajvs.224786.
Feberwee, A., Dijkman, R., Wiegel, J., Ter Veen, C., Bataille, H., Bouwstra, R. and de Wit, S. 2020. Rate of false positive reactions in 11 M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae serological tests in samples obtained from SPF birds inoculated with heterologous mycoplasma species. Avian Pathology, 49, 179–184.
https://doi.org/ 10.1080/03079457.2019.1702148
- Ferguson, N.M., Hepp, D., Sun, S., Ikuta, N., Levisohn, S., Kleven, S.H. and Garcia, M .2005. Use of molecular diversity of Mycoplasma gallisepticum by gene-targeted sequencing (GTS) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis for epidemiological studies. Microbiology 151: 1883-1893. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27642-0.12. 12.Fujisawa, S., Shiro Murata1, Masaki Takehara, Ken Katakura, Myint Myint Hmoon, Shwe Yee Win and Kazuhiko Ohashi. 2019. Molecular detection and genetic characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplama synoviae, and infectious bronchitis virus in poultry in Myanmar. BMC Veterinary Research ,15:261-268.
https:// doi: 10.1186/s12917-019-2018-2.
Ghaniei, A. 2016. Molecular characterization of Mycoplasma synoviae isolated from broiler chickens of West Azarbaijan province by PCR of vlhA gene. Veterinary Research Forum.,7 (3) 197 – 202. PMID: 27872715.
- Gray, Larry D., Kerry L. Ketring, and Yi-Wei Tang. 2005. Clinical use of 16s rRNA gene sequencing to identify mycoplasma felis and m. gateae associated with feline ulcerative keratitis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 43 (7):3431-3434. https://doi: 10.1128/JCM.43.7.3431-3434.2005
-Kahya, S; Yılmaz O, Eyigor A, Temelli S, Carlı KT. 2015. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae by real-time PCR and Mycoplasma gallisepticum-antibody detection by an ELISA in chicken breeder flocks. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 21(3):361-366.
https:// doi : 10.9775/kvfd.2014.12505
-Khalifa, K.A., Abdelrahim, E.S., Badwi, M. and Mohamed, A.M. 2014. Isolation and Molecular Characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae in Chicken in Sudan. J. Vet. Med.: 1–4.
https:// doi: 10.1155/2013/208026
- Kleven, S. H. 2008. Control of avian mycoplasma infections in commercial poultry. Avian diseases, 52(3), 367-374.
https:// doi: 10.1637/8323-041808-Review.1.
-Mahmmoud, E. N., Hamad, M. A. and Khudhur, Z. N. 2022. Detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in broiler chickens by PCR. Open Veterinary Journal. 12 (3): 329-334. https:// doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i3.4
- Mushtaq, T. B. Al-Zuhariy. 2023. Evalution of the best vaccinal routes against Newcastle in the production stage of laying hens. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54(3):748-754. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i3.1757
-Ponnusamy, P.; T. Lurthu Reetha, B.S.M. Ronald, B. Puvarajan and R. Manicakm. 2019. Detection of Mycoplasma gallinaceum by PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene from respiratory disease in village chickens. Indian J. Anim. Res. 36(5):234-245.
https:// doi: 10.18805/ijar.B-3604
-Purswell, J.L., Evans, J.D., Leigh, S.A., Collier, S.D., Olanrewaju, H.A., Kim, E.J., Pharr, G.T., Peebles, E.D.and Branton, S.L. 2015. Mycoplasma gallisepticum transmission: Comparison of commercial F-strain vaccine versus layer complex-derived field strains in a tunnel ventilated house. Poult. Sci. 91: 3072–3079. https:// doi: 10.3382/ps.2012-02619
- Raviv, Z. and Kleven, S.H. 2009. The development of diagnostic real-time TaqMan PCRs for the four pathogenic avian mycoplasmas. Avian Dis 53:103-7.
https:// doi: 10.1637/8469-091508-Reg.1
- Ramadan, N.M. 2019. Mycoplasma gallisepticum Overview in Poultry. Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 4(5):354–355.
https:// doi: 10.34297/AJBSR.2019.04.000833.
- Rasoulinezhad, M. ; Bozorgmehrifard, H.; Hosseini, H. ; Sheikhi, N. and Charkhkar, S.2018. Molecular Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae from Backyard and Commercial Turkeys in Some Parts of Iran.Arch.Razi.Inst.J. 73(2):79-85.
https:// doi: 10.22092/ ARI. 2018. 116615.
- Raviv, Z.and Ley D.H. 2013. Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection. In Diseases of Poultry, 13thEd. Swayne DE. editor.Wiley-Blackwell, Ames, Iowa, pp877–893.
https:// doi: 10.7579/ 2016-09-246.
- Salih, A. M. and G. M. M. Al-ghanimi. 2024. Effect of elastin hydrolysate on bacteria and some sensory traits of chilled ground beef, Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 55(1):422-431. doi:10.36103/8w3frt36
-Shiferaw, J., Shifara, F., Tefera, M., Feyisa, A. and Tamiru, Y. 2022. Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Infection in Poultry Farms of Hawasa and Bishoftu, Central Ethiopia. Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.), 13: 101–107.
https:// doi: 10.2147/VMRR.S360669.
-Yadav, J. P., Tomar, P., Singh, Y. and Khurana, S. K. 2022 .Insights on Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae infection in poultry: a systematic review. Animal Biotechnology, 33(7): 1711-1720. https:// doi: 10.1080/10495398.2021.1908316
-Yasmin F., Aini I., Abdul Rahman O., Mohd H. B., Rakibul I., Tan S. W., Tan C. G. and Kartini A. 2018. Molecular characterization of feld strains of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in Malaysia throughpMGA and pVPA genes sequencing. Cogent Biology, 4: 145-168.
https:// doi: 10.1080/23312025.2018.1456738
- Yasmin, F., Ideris, A., Omar, AR., Hair-Bejo, M., Tan, SW., Tan, C.G.and Ahmad, K. 2014. Molecular detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum by real time PCR. Journal Veterinary Malaysia, 26(1): 1–7.
https:// doi: 10.5456/OVJ.2022.v12.i3.5
- Yilmaz, F.; Timurkaan., N.; Kilic., H.; Kalender., and Kilinc, U. 2011. Detection of Mycoplasma synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum in chickens by immunohistochemical, PCR and culture. Revue Med. Vet. 162(2) 79-86.
https:// doi: 10.22123/ARI.2011.359729.2341
-Wieliczki, A., M. Mazurkiewicz and J. Wisniewska. 2000. Infections with Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae in serological examination. Medycyna Waterynaryjna. 56(4):220-224.
https://doi.org/ 10.1188/Myc. 0.28342-1
-Wijesurendra DS, Kanci A, Tivendale KA, Devlin JM, Wawegama NK,and Bacci B. 2017. Immune responses to vaccination and infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum in turkeys. Avian Pathol. 46(5):464–73.
https:// doi: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1311990.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
2.jpg)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-5906 2.jpg)
