IMPACTS OF CONCENTRATE FEEDING LEVEL WITH OR WITHOUT N-CARBAMYLGLUTAMATE ON PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF GOATS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/8bn98n54Keywords:
high concentrate, digestibility, feed additives, daily gain, ruminant.Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of feeding three levels of concentrate 2%, 3%, and 4% with or without additives of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on the digestibility, feed efficiency, and daily gain of Shami goats. Twenty-four male goats were used aged 8-10 months with an initial weight 32.687 ± 1.52kg divided into six treatments in a 2×3 factorial experiment/ Completely Randomized Design. Individual feeding was used for 70 days preceded by 14 days as an adaptation period. The results of increasing concentrate showed a non-significant increase in nutrients intake with superiority of NCG treatments and a significant increase (P<0.01) of ether extract intake. Non-significant increase in digestibility with increasing feed intake. Significant increases (P<0.01) in total and daily gain of 3% concentrate with or without NCG and non-significant increases for final weight. The better feed efficiency with 3% concentrate then 2% and 4% respectively. In conclusion: A level of feeding 3% had a positive effect on animal performance and the best for fattening.
References
Abdulkareem, T.A., S.M. Eidan, F. K. Al-Saidy and N. K. Al-Hassani. 2023. Effect of pre-and post – mating vitamins AD3E treatment on reproductive performance of Awassi ewes. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(2), 431–437. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i2.1717
Al-Ani, J.A.T, A.K.Hussein, and R.M.Shaker. 2022. Effect of N- carbamylglutamate on amino acids and blood biochemistry in young male goats. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 34(12), pp 1028-1032. doi:10.9755/ejfa.2022.v34.i12.2972
Al-Ani, J.A.T., R. M. Shaker, and A. K. Hussein. 2023. Effect of N- carbamylglutamate and feeding level on amino acids and biochemical parameters in goats. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 35 (3), pp. 220-224. doi:10.9755/ejfa.2023.v35.i3.3001.
Al-Mamouri, T.A.A. and J.A.T. Al-Ani. 2024. Effect of replacing treated and untreated corn impurities with urea instead of wheat bran on productive performance of Awassi lambs. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55(1): 587-594. https://doi.org/10.36103/zr148430
Al-Mamouri, T.A.A. and J.A.T. Al-Ani. 2024. Influence of feeding corn impurities on rumen bacteria and fermentation characteristics of sheep. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 55(1), 579-586. https://doi.org/10.36103/md4wqn86
AOAC. 2012. Official Methods of Analysis, 19th ed.; Association of Official Analytical Chemists: Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Bahrami,Y. M., G.R. Ghorbani, M. Khorvash, M.A. Khan and M.H. Ghaffari. 2016. Reducing crude protein and rumen degradable protein with a constant concentration of rumen undegradable protein in the diet of dairy cows: Production performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen efficiency, and blood metabolites. J. Anim. Sci., 94: 718–725
Cardoso, G., S. dos, L.B. Pereira, A.P.M. Martini, A.F. de Moura, M.A. da Silva, P.M.M. Cattelam, J.L. Klein, A.S. Druzian, I.L. Brondani and D.C. Alves Filho. 2018. Non-carcass components of finished feedlot steers fed with slow release or agricultural urea in substitution of soybean meal. Semi. Ci. Ag. 39: 2761-2770
Chanthakhoun, V., M. Wanapat and J. Berg. 2012. Level of crude protein in concentrate supplements influenced rumen characteristics, microbial protein synthesis and digestibility in swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Livest. Sci.,144:197–204
Desnoyers,M., S. Giger-Reverdin, C. Duvaux-Ponter and D. Sauvant. 2009. Modeling of off-feed periods caused by subacute acidosis in intensive lactating ruminants: Application to goats. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 3894–3906
Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple Ftests. Biometrics. 11: 1-42
El-Naggar, S., S. Gad, Z. Mahasneh, M. Tawilla and G Abou-Ward. 2023. Impact of adding Ajwain seeds to the mail lambs rations as growth promoters. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54(6):1557–1564. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1856
Estrada-Angulo, A., B.I. Castro-Pérez, J.D. Urías-Estrada, F.G. Ríos-Rincón, Y.J. Arteaga-Wences, A. Barreras, M.A. López-Soto, A. Plascencia and R.A. Zinn. 2018. Influence of protein level on growth performance, dietary energetics and carcass characteristics of Pelibuey × Katahdin lambs finished with isocaloric diets. Small Rumi. Res., 160: 59–64
Giger-Reverdin, S., K. Rigalma, M. Desnoyers, D. Sauvant, and C. Duvaux-Ponter. 2014. Effect of concentrate level on feeding behaviour and rumen and blood parameters in dairy goats: Relationships between behavioural and physiological parameters and effect of between-animal variability. J. Dairy Sci., Iilinois, 97(1): 4367-4378
Granja-Salcedo, Y. T., C.S. Ribeiro Júnior, R.B. De Jesus, A.S. Gomez-Insuasti, A.R. Rivera, J.D. Messana, R.C. Canesin and T.T. Berchielli. 2016. Effect of different levels of concentrate on ruminal microorganisms and rumen fermentation in Nellore steers. Archives of animal nutrition, 70(1):17–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1745039X.1117562
Haddad, S.G., R.E. Nasr and M.M. Muwalla. 2001. Optimum dietary crude protein level for finishing Awassi lambs. Small Rumi. Res., 39: 41-46
Harper, M.S., Z.A. Shen, J.F. Barnett, L. Krsmanovic, A. Myhre and B. Delaney. 2009. N-acetyl-glutamic acid: Evaluation of acute and 28-day repeated dose oral toxicity and genotoxicity. Food Chem. Toxicol., 47: 2723–2729
Hook, S. E., M.A. Steele, K.S. Northwood, J. Dijkstra, J. France, A.D. Wright and B.W. McBride. 2011. Impact of subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) adaptation and recovery on the density and diversity of bacteria in the rumen of dairy cows. FEMS microbiology ecology, 78(2): 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01154.x.
Ibrahim, S.S., J.A.T. Al-ani, A.A.M. Al-Wazeer, and R.M. Shaker. 2021. Impacts of feeding urea on rumen fermentation, total number of bacteria and some blood parameters in Shami goats. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 33(10): 863-867.
doi: 10.9755/ejfa.2021.v33.i10.2773
Kanyar I. M. and F. Karadaş. 2023. Effect of melatonin and vitamin E as antioxidants on body weight, carcass traits of Awassi lambs fed a high-energy and normal diet. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Science. 54(5), 1339–1350. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i5.1835
Kaya, I., Y. Unal, T. Sahin and D. Elmali. 2009. Effect of different protein levels on fattening performance, digestibility and rumen parameters in finishing lambs. J. Animal and Veterinary Advances., 8 (2): 309-312
Khalid, W.A. and N. N. Al-Anbari. 2023. Effect of glycerol on milk yield, its quality and blood parameters of Holstein cows. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 54(6): 1520–1528. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i6.1851
Li, L., Y. Zhu, X. Wang, Y. He and B. Cao. 2014. Effects of different dietary energy and protein levels and sex on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of F1 Angus × Chinese Xiangxi yellow cattle. J. Anim. Sci. and Biotechnology., 5(1): 1-12.
MAFF. 1975. Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food Dept., of Agric. and Fisheries for Scotland Energy allowances and Feed systems for ruminants, Technical Bulletin, 33. First Published: pp79
Mahdi, Z.S., J.A. Tawfeeq and H.F. Al-Shanoon. 2021. Effect of additives N-carbamylglutamate with urea on feed intake and daily gain of Awassi lambs. Plant Archives, 21(1): 28-35. doi link: https://doi.org/10.51470/S.2021.v21.S1.007. meatsci.2019.107969
Medeiros, T.T., A.M.A. Bde, de Silva, A.L. da Silva, L.R. Bezerra, D.L.A. da Silva, D.L.V. de Oliveira, S.E. Mazzetto, L.R.V. Kotzebue, J.R. Oliveira, G.S.B. Souto, A. deBarros Carvalho, A.J. Netto and R.L. Oliveira. 2018. Carnauba wax as wall material for urea microencapsulation. J. Sci. Food Agric. 99: 1078–1087
Morris, S.M. Jr. 2009. Recent advance in Arginine metabolism: roles and regulation of arginases. Br. J. Phar., 157(6): 922–930
Peng, Q.H., N.A. Khan, B. Xue, T.H. Yan and Z.S. Wang. 2018. Effect of different levels of protein concentrates supplementation on the growth performance, plasma amino acids profile and mTOR cascade genes expression in early-weaned yak calves. Asian Australas. J. Anim. Sci., 31: 218–224.
Rivera-Mendez, C., A. Plascencia, N. Torrentera and R.A. Zinn. 2017. Effect of level and source of supplemental tannin on growth performance of steers during the late finishing Phase. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 45: 199–203.
SAS. 2012. User’s Guide. Statistical, Version 9. 11th ed. Statistical Analysis System, Cary, NC, USA
Serment, A., P. Schmidely, S. Giger-Reverdin, P. Chapoutot and D. Sauvant. 2011.
Effects of the percentage of concentrate on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, plasma metabolites, and milk composition in mid-lactation goats. J. Dairy Sci., 94: 3960-3972
Tayengwa, T., O.C. Chikwanha, M.E.R. Dugan, T. Mutsvangwa and C. Mapiye. 2020. Influence of feeding fruit by-products as alternative dietary fibre sources to wheat bran on beef production and quality of Angus steers. Meat. Sci., 161(1-3):107969. https://doi.org/10.1016/j
Wang, D.F., L.L. Zhou, H.L. Zhou, G.Y. Hou, L.G. Shi, M., Li, X.Z. Huang and S. Guan. 2015. Effects of nutritional level of concentrate-based diets on meat quality and expression levels of genes related to meat quality in Hainan black goats. Anim. Sci., 86:166–173.
Wang, Q., Y. Wang, T. Hussain, C. Dai, J. Li, P. Huang, Y. Li, X. Ding, J. Huang and F.Ji. 2020. Effects of dietary energy level on growth performance, blood parameters and meat quality in fattening male Hu lambs. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 104: 418–430
Wu, G., F.W. Bazer, T.A. Davis, L.A. Jaeger, G.A. Johnson, S.W. Kim, D.A. Knabe, C.J. Meininger, T.E. Spencer and Y.L. Yin. 2007. Important roles for the Arginine family of amino acids in swine nutrition and production. Livest. Sci., 112: 8-22
Xia, C.Q., M.A.U. Rahman, H. Yang, T.Q. Shao, Q.H. Qiu, H.W. Su and B.H. Cao. 2018. Effect of increased dietary crude protein levels on production performance, nitrogen utilisation, blood metabolites and ruminal fermentation of Holstein bulls. Asian-Australas. J.Anim.Sci.,10:1643-1653.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
2.jpg)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-5906 2.jpg)
