OVERALL INDEX OF POLLUTION (OIP) FOR TIGRIS RIVER, BAGHDAD CITY, IRAQ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/gqq14f43Keywords:
water pollution, indices, physicochemical parameters, clustering, river.Abstract
This study aimed to identify the pollution extent in the Tigris River within Baghdad city by applying the Overall index of Pollution (OIP). Monthly water samples were collected from five sites along the Tigris River during the wet and dry seasons of 2020-2021. Eleven parameters were selected to conduct the study; Total Dissolved Solids, Turbidity, Chloride, Dissolved Oxygen, pH, Total Hardness, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sulfate, Biochemical oxygen demand, and Total Coliform. The OIP ranges from 2.46 to 1.96 in the dry season and 2.02 to 1.91 in the wet season. Results revealed that Tigris River water is categorized from slightly polluted to acceptable according to OIP classification. The current study's finding lies in a wet season where the values of OIP are less in most of the sites, which may be related to the increased precipitation in the winter months.
References
Aljanabi Z.Z. A.M.J. Al-Obaidy and F.M. Hassan. 2023. A Novel Water Quality Index for Iraqi Surface Water. Baghdad Sci J. 20(6Suppl.): 2395–2413. https://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9348
Abdul-Jabar M.A.B. and J.A. Thabit. 2021. Chemical pollution risks for many drinking water sources in Baghdad City, Iraq. Polish J. of Enviro. Stud. 30(2):1203–14. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/120767
Abdulkareem F.A., G.H. Mohamed, A.S. Resheq and Z. Bahaa. 2022. Assessment the performance of water treatment plants in Baghdad governorate using GIS. Periodi. of Enginee. and Natu. Scie. 10(1):228–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/pen.v10i1.2592
Shekha Y.A., L.A.Q. Ali and J.J. Toma. 2017. Assessment of Water Quality and Trophic Status of Duhok Lake Dam. Baghdad Sci J. 17(2): 335-342. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2017.14.2.0335
Al-Afify A.D.G. and A.M. Abdel-Satar. 2020. Risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in water, sediment and plants in the Nile River in the Cairo region, Egypt. Oceanological and Hydrobiological Stud. 49(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1515/ohs-2020-0001
IlobaKI, N.O. Akawo, K.M. Adamu, O.R. Ohwojeheri and M.A. Edafiogho. 2019. Assessment of Groundwater Drinking Sources in Eku and Its Environs, in the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria. Baghdad Sci. J. 19 (6): 1219–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2022.6554
Aljanabi Z.Z. F.M. Hassan and A.M.J. Al-Obaidy. 2022. Heavy metals pollution profiles in Tigris River within Baghdad city. IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1088 012008. https://doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1088/1/012008
Alashwal H., E. M. Halaby, J.J. Crouse, A. Abdalla and A.A Moustafa. 2019. The application of unsupervised clustering methods to Alzheimer’s disease. Front. in Comput. Neur. 13:1-9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncom.2019.00031
Ali A. S., H. Ewaid and N Al-Ansari. 2019. Evaluation of Water quality in the Tigris River within Baghdad, Iraq using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Journal of Physics: Conference Series.;1294: 72025. https://doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1294/7/072025
Mieczan T. and Bartkowska A. 2022. The effect of experimentally simulated climate warming on the microbiome of carnivorous plants – A microcosm experiment. Global Ecol. Conser. 34 (e02040). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2022.e02040
Abdulazeez H.Z., A. Mohammed, A. Shamma and Q.J. Saud. 2020. Hydrochemistry of Tigris River in Baghdad city, Iraq. IJS. 61(8):2033–47. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2020.61.8.19
Al-Mayah W.T. and A.M. Rabee. 2018. Application of overall index of pollution (OIP) for the evaluating of the water quality in Al-Gharraf River southern of Iraq. IJS. 59(2):660–669. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/319
Al-Musawi T.J., I.A. Mohammed and H.M. 2017. Atiea. optimum efficiency of treatment plants discharging wastewater into river, case study: Tigris River within the Baghdad city in Iraq. MethodsX. 4:445–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2017.10.009
Al-Obaidi B.H.K., S.K. Ali and D.T Jassim. 2020. Influence of a river water quality on the efficiency of water treatment using artificial neural network. J. of Engine. Scie.and Techn. 15(4):2610–23. Available at: https://jestec.taylors.edu.my/Vol%2015%20issue%204%20August%202020/15_4_34.pdf
Al-Sudani I.M. 2021. Water quality assessment of Tigris River using overall index of pollution (OIP). Baghdad. Sci. J.;18(2):1095–102. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2021.18.2(Suppl.).1095
Al-Zughaiby H.H.S., H.J. Jawad and J.H. Awadi. 2020. The relationship between concentrations of some trace elements in the Euphrates River of Iraq. AIP Conference Proceedings. 2290:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0028128
APHA. 2017. Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. 23rd edit. Rodger B. Baird, Andrew D. Eaton EWR, editor. Washington, DC 20001-3710: American Public Health Association.
Fadhel M.N. 2020. Pollution Investigation on Tigris River Within Mosul Area, Iraq. Plant Archi. 20(2):1273–7. Available at; https://www.plantarchives.org/SPL%20ISSUE%2020-2/202__1273-1277_.pdf
Mugwanya M., Dawood M. A.O., Kimera F., Sewilam H. 2022. Anthropogenic temperature fluctuations and their effect on aquaculture: A comprehensive review. Aquacu. Fise. 7(3): 223-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aaf.2021.12.005
Ismail A.H. 2014. applicability of overall index of pollution (OIP) for surface water quality in assessment of Tigris river quality within Baghdad. Engine. and Techn. J. 32 (1): 74-90. https://doi.org/10.30684/etj.32.1A.7
Issa H.M. and A.H. Alshatteri. 2021. Impacts of wastewater discharge from Kalar city on Diyala-Sirwan river water quality, Iraq: pollution evaluation, health risks of heavy metals contamination. Applied Water Science.;11(73):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01397-2
Khadim H.J. and H.O. Oleiwi. 2021. Assessment of Water Quality in Tigris River of AL-Kut City, Iraq by Using GIS. E3S Web of Conferences. 318(04001):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131804001
Madilonga R.T., J.N. Edokpayi, E.T. Volenzo, O.S. Durowoju and J.O. Odiyo. 2021. Water quality assessment and evaluation of human health risk in mutangwi river, Limpopo province, South Africa. Internat. J. of Environ. Rese. and Publ. Heal. 18(13). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136765
Mater F. and A. 2012. Khedhair. Measurement of water turbidity “micro plankton” for Tigris River in Tikrit by laser. J. of Envir. Stud. 8(1):71–5. https://10.21608/jesj.2012.189924
Mensoor M.K. 2021. Monitoring Pollution of the Tigris River in Baghdad by Studying Physico-Chemical Characteristics. Research Square. 1–17. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1074093/v1
Moldovan A., M.A. Hoaghia, E. Kovacs, I.C. Mirea, M. Kenesz, R.A. Arghir and et al. 2020. Quality and health risk assessment associated with water consumption—a case study on karstic springs. Water (Switzerland). 12(12): 3510. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12123510
Omar K.A. 2017. Prediction of dissolved oxygen in Tigris river by water temperature and biological oxygen demand using artificial neural networks (Anns). The J. of The Univer. of Duhok. 20(1):791–700. https://doi.org/10.26682/sjuod.2017.20.1.60
Pandit D.N., R. Kumari and S.K. Shitanshu. 2022. A comparative assessment of the status of Surajkund and Rani Pond, Aurangabad, Bihar, India using overall Index of Pollution and Water Quality Index. Acta Ecolo. Sinica. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chnaes.2020.11.009 29. Rivers Maintaining System and General Water from Pollution (RMS and GWP) No 25, 1967, No. 25 of 1967, Iraqi Official Gazette, No. 1446 on 16 July 1967, 2: 108
Salman J.M. and S. Al-Shammary. 2020. Monitoring lotic ecosystem by the application of water quality index (CCMEWQI). Baghd. Sci. J.;17(1):23–7. https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2020.17.1.0023
Sargaonkar A. and V Deshpande. 2003. Development of an overall index of pollution for surface water based on a general classification scheme in Indian context. Environ. Monito. and Assess. 89(1):43–67. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025886025137
Singh K.R., R. Dutta, A.S. Kalamdhad and B. Kumar. 2018. Risk characterization and surface water quality assessment of Manas River, Assam (India) with an emphasis on the TOPSIS method of multi-objective decision making. Environ. Earth Sci. 77(708): https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7970-9
Sunita, K. S., V.K. Ravi, S. Kumar and D.N. Pandit. 2021. use of overall index of pollution and water quality index to assess rani pond. Plant Archi. J. 21:2377–82. https://doi.org/10.51470/PLANTARCHIVES.2021.v21.S1.389
Tanjung R.H.R., B. Hamuna and A. Alianto. 2019. Assessment of water quality and pollution index in coastal waters of Mimika, Indonesia J. Ecol. Eng. 2019;20(2):87–94. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/95266
Aljanabi Z.Z. F.M. Hassan and A.M.J. Al-Obaidy. 2023.A multivariate Approach and Water Quality Index for Evaluating the Changes in Water Quality of Tigris River. IP Conference Proceedings 2820, 050004. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0150758
Warsito B., S. Sumiyati, H. Yasin and H. Faridah. 2021. Evaluation of river water quality by using hierarchical clustering analysis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Env. Scie. 896: 012072. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012072
World Health Organization. Multiple-tube method for thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms. 1996;189–238.
Yenugu S.R., S. Vangala, and S. Badri. 2020. Monitoring of groundwater quality for drinking purposes using the WQI method and its health implications around inactive mines in Vemula-Vempalli region, Kadapa District, South India. Appli. Water Sci. 10 (202): 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01284-2.
Zakir H.M., S. Sharmin, A. Akter and M.S Rahman. 2020. Assessment of health risk of heavy metals and water quality indices for irrigation and drinking suitability of waters: a case study of Jamalpur Sadar area, Bangladesh. Enviro. Adv. 2:100005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2020.100005
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
2.jpg)
2.jpg)
