ANTIOXIDANT AND CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS EXTRACTED FROM Viola odorata L. CULTIVATED IN IRAQ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36103/tx316514Keywords:
Viola odorata L., lung cancer, essential oils, antioxidant, cytotoxic activity.Abstract
This study was aimed to determine the composition of essential oil contained in Viola odorata flowers and leaves. As well as assessing the cytotoxic effects of this oil on cancer cells and its antioxidant properties. A GC-Mass analysis was conducted to reveal essential oil components in flowers and leaves. For testing the antioxidant capacity of flowers and leaves oil, DPPH (1,1 Dyphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), resazurin dye, and hydroxyl were used. An in vitro study was conducted using lung cancer (A549) and breast normal (MCF-10) cell lines with concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200, and 300 µl/ml of V. odorata L. essential oil. According to the results, essential oils derived from flowers and leaves contain different components in terms of quality and quantity. At a concentration of 300 µl/ml, the results showed that flowers' essential oil was highly antioxidant (98.16 %, 92.47%, 94.00 %) when combined with DPPH, resazurin dye, and hydroxyl, respectively. There was variation in cytotoxic effects on cancer cells based on oil concentrations and sources (flowers and leaves). In conclusion, the A549 cell line was significantly affected by flower oil than by leaves oil. The highest effect of flower oil was observed at a concentration of 300 µl/ml.
References
Al-Khafaji, A. M. H. H. 2019. Stimulation growth, yield, and accumulation of antioxidant compounds of onion hybrids by colored shades of poly ethylene covers. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 50(6): 1580-1587. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v50i6.847
Akhbari, M., H. Batooli and F. J. Kashi. 2012. Composition of essential oil and biological activity of extracts of Viola odorata L. from central Iran. Natural product research, 26(9):802-9.
doi: 10.1080/14786419.2011.55801
Albandary, N. 2023. Phenolic compounds content, antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal activities of red onions skin. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(4):1050-1057. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i4.1794
Ali, Z. A., I. Saleh and W. M. Alani. 2023. Detection of Coumarin Derivatives of Viola odorata Cultivated in Iraq. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 15(Suppl 2):S948-S51. DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_270_23
Alipanah H., M. R. Bigdeli and M.A. Esmaeili. 2018. Inhibitory effect of Viola odorata extract on tumor growth and metastasis in 4T1 breast cancer model. Iranian journal of pharmaceutical research: IJPR.,17(1):276.
Arora, R., S. Sawney, V. Saini, C. Steffi, M. Tiwari and D. Saluja. 2016. Esculetin induces antiproliferative and apoptotic response in pancreatic cancer cells by directly binding to KEAP1. Molecular cancer, 15:1-15. DOI 10.1186/s12943-016-0550-2
Albandary N. A. 2023. Testing and evaluation of bioactive compounds in soybean. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(1): 85-92. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i1.1678
Aslam, L., R. Kaur, N. Kapoor and R. Mahajan. 2020. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities of leaf extracts of Viola odorata from Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 26(1):77-88.
DOI: 10.1080/10496475.2019.1677839
, Anwar, F, U Saleem, S. Hira, , M. A. Shah, S. Bashir, R. S. Baty, R. H. Badr, R. Blundell, G. E. Batiha, and B. Ahmad. 2021. Pharmacological screening of Viola odorata L. for memory-enhancing effect via modulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 664832. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664832
Baek, J. M., S. H. Park, Y. H. Cheon, S. J. Ahn, M. S. Lee, J. Oh and et al. 2015. Esculetin attenuates receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-mediated osteoclast differentiation through c-Fos/nuclear factor of activated T-cells c1 signaling pathway. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 461(2):334-41.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.034.
Batiha, G. E., H. Y. Lukman, H. M. Shaheen, L. Wasef, A. A. Hafiz, C. A. Conte-Junior and et al. 2023. A Systematic Review of Phytochemistry, Nutritional Composition, and Pharmacologic Application of Species of the Genus Viola in Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2023: 5406039.
DOI: 10.1155/2023/5406039
Bray, F., J. Ferlay, I. Soerjomataram, R. L. Siegel, L. A. Torre and A. Jemal. 2018. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal For Clinicians, 68(6):394-424.
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21492
Cary, N. 2012. Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA.
Dhiman, S., S. Singla, I. Kumar, P. Palia, P. Kumar and S. Goyal. 2023. Protection of Viola odorata L. against neurodegenerative diseases: potential of the extract and major phytoconstituents. Clinical Complementary Medicine and Pharmacology,100105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccmp.2023.100105
Doğan, M., F. S. Mohammed, İ. Uysal, K. Mencik, K. Eylem, M. Pehlivan and et al. 2023. Total antioxidant status, antimicrobial and antiproliferative potentials of Viola odorata (Fragrant Violet). Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University, 47(3): 784-791. DOI: 10.33483/jfpau.1161440
Ebrahimzadeh, M. A., S. M. Nabavi, S. F. Nabavi, F. Bahramian and A. R. Bekhradnia. 2010. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of H. officinalis L. var. angustifolius, V. odorata, B. hyrcana and C. speciosum. Pak J Pharm Sci, 23(1):29-34. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20067863
Gautam, S. S. and K. S. Navneet. 2017. Current aspects on phytochemistry and bioactive constituents of viola odorata L. Indian J Biotechnol Pharmaceut Res, 5:1-6. https://www.researchgate.
Hamad, S., Z. Salman and B. Alwash. 2021. Assesment of antioxidant and cytotoxic activiy of essential oil extracted from Lavandula angustifolia callus leaves. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 52(6):1549-1554. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i6.1496 19.Hammami, I., N. Kamoun and A. Rebai. 2011. Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea with essential oil and methanol extract of Viola odorata L. flowers. Arch Appl Sci Res, 3(5):44-51. http://www.scholarsresearchlibrary.com.
Hossein, B. Akhbari, M, and F J Kashi. 2023. Composition of essential oil and biological activity of extracts of Viola odorata L. from central Iran. Natural product research, 26(9), 802-809.
Jafari, F. Z. Feyzabadi, S. H. Kamali, H. Ashayeri, S B Aval, M M Esfahani, and O Sadeghpour. 2014. Efficacy of Viola odorata in treatment of chronic insomnia. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(12): :e17511
Jasim, S. F., N. N. Baqer and E. Alraheem. 2018. Detection of phytochemical constituent in flowers of Viola odorata by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(5):262-9.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24288
Lazeeza, S. 2021. Antioxidant activity of pomegranate. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 52(1):196-203.
https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v52i1.1251
Machado, Y., W. Murillo-Arango and L. Hennessey-Ramos. 2022. Evaluation of peel extract of mangosteen as a dye natural and antioxidant and its use as an additive in a fruit beverage. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 53(4):857-866. https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v53i4.1598
Mak, D. W., S. Li and A. Minchom. 2019. Challenging the recalcitrant disease developing molecularly driven treatments for small cell lung cancer. European Journal of Cancer, 119:132-50.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2019.04.037
Mazimba, O. 2017. Umbelliferone: Sources, chemistry and bioactivities review. Bulletin of Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 55(2):223-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bfopcu.2017.05.001
Miller, K. D., M. Fidler‐Benaoudia, T. H. Keegan, H. S. Hipp, A. Jemal and R. L. Siegel. 2020. Cancer statistics for adolescents and young adults.CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(6):443-59.
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21637
Motavasselian, M., R. Salari, Z. Feyzabadi, M. R. Joharchi and S. M. Ghazanfari. 2022. A review of the therapeutic effects of Viola odorata plant in traditional iranian medicine and modern medicine. Complementary Medicine Journal, 12(2):118-25.
DOI: 10.32598/CMJA.12.2.1133.2
Moosa, T, O Ané, N Motala, G Kamatou, A Viljoen, and S van Vuuren. 2023. A Commercially available Viola odorata oil, chemical variability and antimicrobial activity. Molecules, 28(4), 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28041676
Sahib Abed, H., P. Zarearki, V. Khojasteh, E. Karimi, K. Shahrokhabadi and M. Rastegar Moghaddam Poorbagher. 2024. Inhibition the growth of human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) via cell proliferation and zngiogenesis by Viola odorata essential oil nanoemulsion. Waste and Biomass Valorization,1-10. DOI:10.1007/s12649-023-02314-1
Sultana, S., Z. A. Mahdi, N. S. K. Al-Khafaji, H. O. M. Al-Dahmoshi, A. Rashid, M. Akram and et al. 2023. Anticancer activity of some medicinal plants: minireview. Journal of Medical Research and Health Sciences, 6(5):2527−2538.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.52845/JMRHS/2023-6-5-1
Yousif, A. and W. Hassan. 2023. HPLC analysis and antifungal activity of some plant extracts against decay apple fruits. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54(1):291-302.
https://doi.org/10.36103/ijas.v54i1.1702 33.Yousefnia, S., D. Naseri, F. Seyed Forootan, M. Tabatabaeia, F. Moattar, T. Ghafghazi and et al. 2020. Suppressive role of Viola odorata extract on malignant characters of mammosphere-derived breast cancer stem cells. Clinical and Translational Oncology, 22:1619-1634.
DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02307-9.
Yuan, M., Y. Zhao, H. T. Arkenau, T. Lao, L. Chu and Q. Xu. 2022. Signal pathways and
precision therapy of small-cell lung cancer. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1):187.
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01013-y3
Zagaja, M., A. Zagaja, J. Szala-Rycaj, A. Szewczyk, M. K. Lemieszek, G. Raszewski and et al. 2022. Influence of umbelliferone on the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity of selected antiepileptic drugs: An in vivo and in vitro study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(7):3492. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073492
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
2.jpg)
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5774-5906 2.jpg)
