Is the first agric. scientific and refereed journal established in Iraq. The first volume was published in 1966. IJAS is registered in the number 137 in 1988 of the Baghdad National Library. Years ago, it was published with one issue a year. For the time being, it is published bimonthly (6 issues for a volume till the end of 2025) and monthly from January 2026. The international number of IJAS are: PISSN 0075-0530 EISSN 2410-0862
University of Baghdad, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences
MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIBIOGRAM OF SOME FOOD BORNE BACTERIA FROM LOCAL DAIRY PRODUCTS IN KURDISTAN REGION-IRAQ
The major objective of the study was to employ molecular approaches to detect antibiotic resistance and identify microorganisms from dairy products. The different dairy products might be contaminated with different germs, so the handlers are at high risk of diseases. Therefore, knowledge of the identification and antibiotic resistance profiles of these bacteria will be vital for food safety and for treatment of diseases caused by them. A total of 113, 69, 47 and 37 different bacteria isolated from four kinds of dairy products namely cheese, hard cheese, soft cheese and yogurt were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhimurium correspondingly. The species were subsequently identified utilizing genotype (molecular) approaches including polymer chain reaction. In addition, the bacteria were studied for their susceptibility towards germicide chemicals utilizing disc diffusion and Vitek 2 system methods. Antibacterial susceptibility test findings demonstrated that various isolates had variable sensitivity levels against several drugs. For example, 55 of 69 S.aureus, 11 of 47 B.cereus, and 26 of 113 E. coli isolates are resistant to common antibiotics (various drugs: clindamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, erythromycin, vancomycin, and ampicillin). Some isolates were resistant to various kinds of drugs, phenomena called multidrug resistance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Haval Abdullah Khudher, Zainab Mohammad Alzubaidy, Jasem Mohammed Abdo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE EFFICIENCY OF BROILER MARKETING IN BAGHDAD GOVERNORATE FOR THE YEAR 2024
ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to study the reality of marketing chicken meat products and the marketing institutions specialized in this field, as well as to study the marketing efficiency of products within marketing channels. Research problem concentrated on the fact that broiler marketing suffers from many problems, including the weak efficiency of most marketing services and functions, including transportation, grading, packaging, distribution, and storage, in addition to the high margins and marketing costs compared to the efficiency of marketing services, which requires further study and research. This reflects potential challenges in managing distribution or services. the results showed a weak relationship between the number of years of experience and the level of marketing efficiency. Using the Tobit model, the M.L. method, and the 13 Eviews program, the Tobit model was estimated to determine the impact of the most important independent factors (marketed quantity, percentage of loss, sales to non-retailers, type of holding, and handling of imported quantities) on the marketing efficiency of broiler products. The model is used to determine the impact of explanatory factors on marketing efficiency levels. It was found that marketing operations for broiler products play an important role in ensuring that they reach consumers effectively and at reasonable prices. This requires studying the marketing efficiency and its components for meat produced in the private sector. The study recommends improving marketing services for broiler chicken farmers to ensure production stability and marketing efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Jayan, Qais Jasam https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF DRYING BY VACUUM OVEN ON VIABILITY OF LACTOBACILLUS CASEI AND BIFIDOBACTERIUM LONGUM BACTERIA
ABSTRACT The reconstitution skimmed milk in concentrations (12, 20, 25) % were used for Lactobacillus casei (Lb. casei) and Bifidobacterium longum (Bif.longum) growth in 37°C for 24-48 hours after individually inoculation with 10% of starter. The highest growth rate was achieved by 20% (w/v). The logarithmic numbers of bacteria were 10.04 and 9.85 for Lb. casei and Bif.longum respectively, whereas titratable acidity percentages of fermented milk was 0.72 and 0.65 respectively. The pH values of the 20% reconstitution skimmed milk were to 4.6 and 4.9 respectively. Lactic acid bacteria cultures were dried by vacuum oven with or without protectants (dried skimmed milk). The drying affected were studied on viability of lactic acid bacteria. Drying in vacuum oven gave the best results when protectants material was added, logarithmic viable numbers were 9.14 and 8.93 for Lb. casei and Bif.longum respectively, followed by dried cultures without protectants which registered 9.06 and 8.81 respectively. The moisture contents were 4.14 and 4.0 % for Lb. casei and Bif.longum respectively in dried cultures by vacuum oven with protectants, while were recorded 4.35 and 4.23 % for Lb. casei and Bif.longum respectively for cultures were dried without protectants. Vacuum oven dried probiotics were used to produce bio yogurt as dried or rehydrated. Dried probiotic of Lb. casei and Bif.longum with yogurt starter achieved highest account of starters and improved sensual attributes compared with rehydrated probiotic and conventional yogurt.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amer Alzobaay , Eman Al-Attar , Suzan Hasan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
STUDY OF SENSORY AND QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF CAKE MANUFACTURED FROM COMPOSITE FLOUR
ABSTRACT This study wheat flour was partially replaced at ratio of (25, 50, and 75 %) by with local millet flour in purpose of preparing composite flour. The percentages of moisture, fat, protein, ash, fiber and carbohydrates in millet flour were (9.30, 4.30, 9.80, 1.62, 1.81, 73.17%) and in wheat flour (12.00, 2.00, 10.50, 0.55, 0.48, 74.47%) respectively. Increasing the substitution ratios led to a significant increase (P≤0.05) in the experimental cupcake pieces as compared to the control treatment. Transactions with substitution ratios of (25%) and (75%) recorded the highest values in terms of volume. The weights of the cupcake pieces, the specific volume, and the density of the cake after baking did not differ significantly with control treatment. The treatment with 25% substitution treatment recorded the highest values of the specific volume, the lowest density, and the highest percentage of weight loss after baking. The sensory attributes values for the cupcake treatment under study showed no significant differences among the values of the specific volume, regularity of the external shape, softness, and color of the crumb. The values of freshness, aroma, taste, and total scores decreased with increasing substitution ratios. The treatment with 25% substitution did not record a significant difference as compared to control, while the rest of the treatments achieved high acceptance scores at the same time. The production cost for cupcakes from wheat flour and composite flour was the same, with a total profit of 200%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ezuldeen Hammood, Balasim Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF ADDING DIETARY ORGANIC TRACE MINERALS (ZN, CR, AND MN) AND THEIR MIXTURES ON PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS LAYING HENS
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate the effect of adding dietary organic trace minerals (zinc, chromium, and manganese) and their mixtures on the levels of zinc, manganese, chromium, calcium, and phosphorus on some physiological traits. The experiment included the following treatments: Treatment (T1) served as control group without any addition. Treatment (T2) involved the addition of zinc (40 mg/kg diet). treatment (T3) included the addition of chromium (0.4 mg/kg diet). treatment (T4) consisted of the addition of manganese at a concentration of 40 mg/kg diet. Treatment (T5) involved a combination of zinc (40 mg), manganese (40 mg), and chromium (0.4 mg) per kg diet. The results demonstrated significant improvements in most of the studied traits. In terms of blood serum, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of zinc, manganese, and calcium in all treatments containing mineral additives and their mixture compared to control group, which showed a noticeable decline. However, non. significant differences were observed in the serum levels of chromium and phosphorus across the treatments. Regarding bone mineral levels, there was a significant increase (p < 0.05) in zinc, chromium, manganese, phosphorus, and calcium in all supplemented treatments compared to the control group. These findings suggest that the addition of organic trace minerals, either individually or as a mixture, enhances the physiological levels of these minerals in both blood serum and bones, thereby improving mineral bioavailability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saja A., R. Al-Mahdawi , A. Rahman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
HE MINERAL COMPOSITION OF THE TIGRIS RIVER SEDIMENTS IN BAGHDAD AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ADSORPTION AND DESORPTION OF NICKEL.
ABSTRACT This study was conducted to investigate mineral composition of the Tigris River sediments in the province of Baghdad and its impact on the adsorption and release of nickel ten areas were selected for the study It extends from Al-Rashidiya in the north to Al-Mada'in in the south soil samples were taken from within the waterway and a mineral analysis of those sediments was conducted for three areas: the beginning, middle and end of the river in Baghdad Governorate, and the results showed the presence of Variation in the nature of the mineral composition, as the presence of the mineral of smectite, palygoriskite and mica minerals of both types of triple- and diocta (biotite and muscovite) was observed in the presence of real chlorite minerals and mica trioctahydra biotite in the clay models of those soils. and the results of the nickel adsorption and release experiment showed a decrease in the values of the binding energy and the maximum adsorption at the beginning of the study area, reaching 2.70 ml and 437.4 µg Ni+2 respectively in where they increased at the end of the study area to 5.55 mg-1 and 1162 µg Ni+2.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saja saud, Abdul Baqi Al-Maamouri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF SEEDS PRIMING AND SOWING DATES ON SOME YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO SOYBEAN CULTIVARS
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of seed priming and planting dates on the growth of two soybean cultivars. The study was carried out during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023 in the fields of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) within split-split plot arrangement, with three replications and three factors. The main factor included seeding dates (June 1st, June 15th, and July 1st), the sub-plot included two soybean cultivars (Lee 74 and Shaimaa), and the sub-sub plot included seed priming treatments (gibberellic acid, KCl, and seaweed extract) along with two control treatments (soaking in distilled water and dry seeds). The results showed superiority of the June 15th planting date, which achieved the highest average for seed count per pod, 100-seed weight (grams), and total seed yield (kg ha-1). The Shaimaa cultivar exhibited the highest average in all mentioned traits above. The seaweed extract seed priming treatment excelled in seed count per pod and 100-seed weight, while the KCl treatment outperformed in total seed yield. Overall, the June 15th planting date along with the Shaimaa cultivar showed superiority, along with the seaweed extract seed priming treatment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mohsen, M. S., A. H. Saudi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY OF COW FIELDS IN BAGHDAD GOVERNORATE FOR 2023
This research aimed to assess the economic sustainability of cow projects in a comprehensive framework that considered economic and social dimensions. The research problem focuses on cow breeding in marginal areas with harsh climates, including high temperatures and low rainfall, resulting in limited grazing resources and poor conditions. Family-operated farms often neglect scientific management, leading to low economic performance and sustainability. Consequently, the added value from these operations is minimal. Data were collected from 72 cow farms in Baghdad province in 2023. The global evaluation methods were used of four indicators to reflect economic sustainability: profitability, liquidity, stability, solvency and repayment, i.e. 17 financial ratios were calculated within these indicators, showing that the profitability ratios were all positive, but they varied from one indicator to another, in small fields P1 reached 14.813, which indicates the capacity of the project and the possibility of the present value of cash flows from primary coverage, while in the medium fields, the liquidity ratios were high in L1, which amounted to 17.172, which is a good indicator where whenever increased whenever it indicates the ability of the fields to meet current obligations and debts through assets in this category, Stability ratios in large fields amounted to S1 0.877, S2 amounted to 42.791 and S3 amounted to 0.005 that the decrease in this ratio is evidence of the availability of capital to cover the debts of the project, and that the RC, which represents the ability to repay ratio, amounted to 0, i.e. there are no debts within this category, The aggregate performance index was calculated, and the calculation of ZA, which is the American aggregate index, and ZE, the European aggregate index, Divide the fields into four groups according to performance, where the aggregate indicator in the first quarter or the poorly performing field (Quarter Y1) varied 3.459, and in the fourth quarter or the well-performing field (Quarter Y4) amounted to 168.691, The research concluded that sustainability indicators must be included in financial evaluations to assess the validity and feasibility of projects over time. Moreover, certain ratios used in America or Europe may not be applicable in Iraq due to differences in data or their unsuitability for animal production projects. This leads us to distinguish whether feasibility or project sustainability should be viewed as a measure of opportunity cost, as suggested in European literature, or as a measure of family well-being, as indicated in American research.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruaa A. Khalf, Eskander H. Ali, Alexander Zorn https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE FROM RESPIRATORY INFECTED SHEEP IN AL- ANBAR PROVINCE
This study was aimed to isolate and diagnose Klebsiella pneumoniae, which causes respiratory infections in sheep, and to study the genes present in Klebsiella pneumoniae responsible for taking iron from the host, involved collection 100 nasal cotton swabs from respiratory infected sheep from several fields located in Al- Anbar province. Identifying and isolating Klebsiella pneumoniae by using routine diagnostic techniques (Gram stain, culture on plate and biochemical tests) followed by using the Vitek2 system. Out of the 100 samples collected, the Vitek2 system's results showed 7 (7%) of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates and other bacterial isolates were obtained. And to confirm of K. pneumonaie isolates using PCR (16S rRNA gene); the results showed positive for all Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates 7(100%) and molecular detection was done for some virulence genes of iron acquisition genes (siderophores synthesis genes entB gene, ybtS gene and iron uptake system Kfu gene), siderophore the results showed entB gene positive for 7(100%) isolates, and ybtS gene positive for 4(57%) isolates, and the result of kfu gene (Klebsiella ferric iron uptake) showed positive for 4(57%) isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibility test for K. pneumoniae, which targeted 14 antibacterial drugs, the results showed that all 7 isolates (100%) were susceptible to both Imipenem and Meropenem. Moreover, the seven (100%) isolates shown resistance to Tetracycline, Pipracilline, and Cefixime. The study's conclusion is that respiratory tract infections were more common in one-year-old sheep than in older livestock. Additionally, K. pneumoniae showed greater susceptibility to Imipenem, Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, and Trimethoprim than to other antibiotics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hadeel T. D, Asmaa H. A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ROLE OF ETHYLENE DIUREA (EDU) IN ASSESSING IMPACTS OF OZONE PHYTOTOXICITY ON GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF TWO WHEAT CULTIVARS TRITICUM AESTIVUM
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a significant air pollutant known to have adverse effects on crops productivity and plant health, and it is widely recognized as a phytotoxic atmospheric pollutant, which results in reduced photosynthesis, growth inhibition, accelerating leaf senescence, as well as yield losses in many plant species. Wheat Triticum aestivum is considered one of the sensitive staple crops to air pollution particularly by tropospheric ozone. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine how EDU contributes to the evaluation of the effects of ozone phytotoxicity on the growth and yield of two wheat cultivars, Triticum aestivum vars. Ceyhan-99 and Adana-99. Three levels of ozone were applied during daylight hours: ambient ozone concentration (control), 50 ppb and 60 ppb, in addition to three levels of ethylene diurea (EDU) control, 200 ppm and 300 ppm during anthesis stage. The findings show that tropospheric ozone has a negative impact on both wheat varieties as vegetative and productive traits., on the other hand foliar EDU spray act as a protective agent against ozone-induced damage in various wheat plant characteristics which studied during the research.
Copyright (c) 2026 bahzad khaled https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
FIFTH AND SIXTH EXONS POLYMORPHISMS OF OVOCALYXIN-32 GENE AND ITS EFFECT ON PRODUCTIVE TRAITS AND EGG QUALITY OF LOCAL IRAQI CHICKENS
This study was conducted to investigate the genotype variations in the ovocalyxin-32 (OCX-32) gene polymorphisms and its effect on productive performance and egg quality traits. A total of 100 prepubertal local hens were used, each housed individually in numbered cages. Blood samples were collected for molecular analysis, starting with DNA extraction, followed by PCR amplification. Subsequently, sequencing analysis was performed. Then the A22385462>G SNP was identified, and it had high significant difference(P≤0.01) in the genotypes distribution percentages. The mutant genotype GG outperformed the AG and AA genotypes, of 45.48%, 42.47%, and 2.4%, respectively. Weekly assessments were conducted to evaluate the influence of this SNP of the different genotypes on productive traits and the results indicated it had high significant differences (P≤0.01) in weekly feed consumption The mutant GG genotype significantly outperformed the AA genotype with (687.57g) in week 11, and superiority in feed consumption (P≤0.05) during weeks 12 (686.68g) and 13 (687.96g), while the hybrid AG genotype surpassed AA genotype with 671.76g in week 13. In the average sexual maturity weight, statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed, though the AG genotype exhibited a higher mean 1438.30 g compared to the AA genotype. This study revealed a significant effects of the A22385462>G SNP polymorphisms on productive performance and no significant differences observed on qualitative traits of egg in the local chickens.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hawraa M.A. Al-Taay, Bassam G.M. Al-khatib https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF ADDING MIXTURE OF MINT, CINNAMON AND ASTRAGALUS TO BROILER DIETS ON PHYSIOLOGICAL TRAITS UNDER HEAT STRESS
This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding mixture of medical plant to broiler diets on some physiological traits under heat stress conditions. 300 Ross308/Portuguese broiler chicks were used with initial weight 48.91 g, and randomly distributed about five treatments with four replicates for treatment (15birds/replicate), and the treatments included: T1(control treatment), T2, T3, T4 and T5 to which a mixture of mint, cinnamon and astragalus powder was added as 2, 4, 6 and 8 g/kg diets respectively. The birds reared under heat stress conditions until 42 days. from results show a significant improvement(P≤0.01)in core body temperature and internal organs weights in the birds of all supplementation treatments compared by T1, Also significant increase(P≤0.01) was observe in some tissues measurements as in jejunum and the immune response, Also significant increased(P≤0.05) in glucose, HDL, AST, ND, IBD, and Fabricius index, As well as significant decreased(P≤0.05) in triglycerides, VLDL, and Atherogenic Index(AI), while there were no significant difference between the treatments in blood proteins, PCV, Hb, Cholesterol, LDL, and ALT.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Mohammed A.R. S. Al-Azzawi, Hasanain N. Ezzat https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POMEGRANATE VARIETIES ON THE INFESTATION OF POMEGRANATE FRUIT MOTH
This study was conducted to investigate the susceptibility of three local pomegranate varieties (Salimi, Khadrawi, and Shukar) to infestation by the pomegranate fruit worm Ectomyelois ceratoniae during different fruit maturity stages, as well as to identify some chemical characteristics of these varieties and their role in the infestation process. The results revealed variations in infestation percentage among the studied varieties, with Shukar being the most susceptible (50.18% infestation rate) and Salimi the least susceptible (35.47%). Infestation percentage also varied by maturation stage, with ripe fruits showing the highest infestation (72.11%) and unripe fruits the lowest (25.44%). Chemical analysis revealed a positive correlation between infestation percentage and carbohydrate content, while total phenols, tannins, and protein content showed a negative correlation with infestation as the fruits matured.
Copyright (c) 2026 Manar A. Abbas , Hind I. Al-Khazraji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF ADDING THE LOCAL STRAIN OF SHIITAKE MUSHROOM ‎IN BROILER DIETS ON PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE
This study was conducted in two distinct phases at the University of Baghdad's College of ‎Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the first phase was conducted in the laboratories of the ‎Department of Food Science and lasted six months. The second phase will be conducted from ‎December 26, 2023, to January 30, 2024, in the poultry field, Department of Animal Production - ‎Abu Ghraib to determine the effects of adding powdered shiitake mushrooms of the local variety to ‎broiler feed on production efficiency. The study used 200 ROSS 308 broiler chicks sexed with an ‎average initial weight of 45 grams at 1 day of age. There were a total of four treatments, to each of ‎which fifty chicks were randomly assigned. Each treatment was conducted in five replicates with 10 ‎birds each. T1, T2, T3 and T4 were the three treatments with different amounts of shiitake ‎mushrooms in the feed: 0, 2, 4 and 6 g‏/‏kg, respectively. These were a starter, grower and finisher ‎diet tailored to the specific needs of the birds at different points in their life cycle. The results of ‎this study showed a significant improvement (p < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio when using 2 or 4 ‎g/kg shiitake mushrooms in the diet for broilers. However, there were no significant differences in ‎the dressing percentages and major cuts of the carcass.‎
Copyright (c) 2026 Aya A. K. Al-Kanain, Luma K. Bandr ; Rukaibaa A. Chechan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
TITLE [EFFICIENCY OF SOME TYPES OF BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH CUCUMBER ROOTS AGAINST THE RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI]
This study was carried out in the laboratories of the Plant Protection Department, Ministry of Agriculture, to isolate bacteria associated with cucumber roots from greenhouses in Baghdad, Salah al-Din, Sulaymaniyah, and Basra, and to evaluate their ability to inhibit Rhizoctonia solani, the causal agent of cucumber root rot, on Potato dextrose agar ( PDA) medium. A total of 12 bacterial isolates were obtained from healthy cucumber root-associated soil. These isolates varied in type depending on collection site and environmental conditions. All isolates demonstrated high inhibitory activity against R. solani, with fungal colony diameters ranging from 1.17 to 6.63 cm and inhibition rates between 26.3% and 87.0% compared to the control. Molecular identification using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed on three isolates: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus thuringiensis, and Bacillus rugosus. Their nucleotide sequences were submitted to the GenBank database under accession numbers PP935479.1, PP935461.1, and PP934669.1, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of native bacterial isolates as biocontrol agents against cucumber root rot.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ibrahim A. Ibrahim , Hurria H. Al-Juboory https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
CLINICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS CAUSED BY KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE IN CATS
The study was included clinical and molecular study of Klebsiella pneumoniae from upper respiratory tract of cats in 150 (with and without) respiratory signs of (60 local breed and 90 different breed) and both sexes (male70 and female 80) with different ages including more than one year ( 85) and less than one year (65) attended in veterinary clinics and Baghdad veterinary hospital in Baghdad city at the period from October 2023 to September 2024. The 150 nasal swabs were cultured on macConkey and Klebsiella chrom agar, then the bacteria were examined by Gram stain with different biochemical and antimicrobial study using Vitek-2 analysis. In addition, the molecular detection of 16S r RNA gene of K. pneumoniae. The results of clinical study showed increasing with signs of fever (76.2%) and sneezing (61.9%) for K. pneumoniae. The total isolation rate was 21 (14%). The DNA of bacteria was extracted and the positive products (21) of K. pneumoniae was successfully amplified by using specific primers at 260 bp of 16S r RNA gene of K. pneumoniae. The isolates of K. pneumoniae were highly resistant to Ampicillin (71.4%) and Piperacillin (66.6%) while were sensitive (100%) to Ceftolozan. The infection rate of bacteria was significantly increased at age group less than one year and females. A significant increase was observed in Himalaya than other breeds. The highest percentage of infections by K. pneumonia appeared in December (76.9%) . The results of sequencing of the (5) isolates of K. pneumoniae showed homology with strains in gene bank. The results of phylogenetic study revealed that the local isolates of K. pneumoniae of variable origins, these confirm their importance as primary pathogens of many diseases due to their widespread in the environment and their ability to infect humans and different animals.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. J. Jasem, A. M. Radhy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
HATCHING SYSTEM WITH SPOT CHICKS BROODING SYSTEM ON SOME HATCHING TRAITS AND CHICK'S QUALITIES
The current experiment was carried out at Animal Production Department field (College of Agricultural and Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, Abu-Gharieb), the end target of this experiment was to pass the crucial period of newly hatched chicks during last period of incubation till the end of first week of age via combined them, so, a prototype cardboard box was designed and manufactured locally, consist of two parts, the outer cover, and the bottom part. Every 4 cardboard boxes were put together to consist a set of combined on farm hatching process with spot brooding via shredded the outer cover of cardboard box to form a circle spot brooder with 4 cardboard box bottom in it, 1800 fertile hatching eggs were used after candling at 18 ED (Embryonic Day), 600 fertile eggs were exposed to on farm hatching procedure to represent first treatment, distributed into three pens with cardboard boxes set without food wrapping film coat, and 600 fertile eggs used in second treatment via placing them into cardboard boxes set coated with food wrapping film, the third treatment consisted of 600 fertile eggs stated in conventional hatchery baskets till end of incubation. The results showed that were insignificant differences between treatments in the percentage of hatchability of fertile eggs, while significant differences between treatments were happened in late embryonic and live pipped embryo percentages. The same insignificant differences were noticed in external and internal chick's qualities, except the significant increase in relative weight of bursa. The previous results revealed that using cardboard boxes set without covering it could be a useful way to replace hatcher cabinet without any significant differences between two hatching systems, and that would be rising the incubation capacity utilization to 17 times per year instead of 13 to 14 times, leading to add values to increasing the number of batches hatch during the year.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. H. M. Al-Ghariri , Z. T. M. Aldhanki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ENHANCING THE ACCUMULATION OF CERTAIN ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN ALOE VERA GEL UNDER THE EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST AND FOLIAR SPRAY WITH SPIRULINA ALGAE EXTRACT
The experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station A, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad – Al-Jadriya, on aloe vera plants during the spring season of 2023, starting from April 19, 2023, to October 19, 2023. The objective was to investigate the individual and interactive effects of soil application of vermicompost and foliar spraying with Spirulina algae extract on the content of certain elements, carbohydrates, protein, and some bioactive compounds within the Aloe plant. The experiment was implemented according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with a Split-plot arrangement and three replicates. The results indicated the superiority of the two-way interaction treatment involving the addition of 15 tons ha⁻¹ of vermicompost to the soil in conjunction with foliar spraying of Spirulina extract at a concentration of 8 g L⁻¹ in the content of the dried leaves for each of the following: nitrogen percentage (0.463 %), phosphorus (0.133 %), potassium (2.79 %), calcium (215.7 ppm), total carbohydrates (5.65 %), protein (2.89 %), and both aloin compound (271 mg plant⁻¹) and aloinmodin compound (172.57 mg plant⁻¹), as well as phenylalanin and cinnamic acids (39.73 mg 100 g⁻¹ and 54.47 parts per million, respectively), total phenols (136.90 mg 100 g⁻¹ of dried gel), and total flavonoids (106.5 mg 100 g⁻¹ of dried gel).
Copyright (c) 2026 Asmahan Khalid Allawi ; Ziena Mohammed Abdul-Qader https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ROLE OF MELATONIN, BORON AND CHLORELLA VULGARIS ON THE ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES OF DATE PALMS IN A DESERT ENVIRONMENT
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of melatonin, boron, and Chlorella vulgaris algae on the antioxidant enzyme activity and nutrient status of date palm trees under environmental stress conditions. The study was conducted during the growing season in 2024 at Fadak Date Palm Station, located in the Karbala desert, on Phoenix dactylifera L. ' var. Sayer' trees. With A total of 54 uniforms were seven -year -old palms chosen for the experiment. Melatonin was applied to three concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg L⁻1) as foliar spray, while boron (in the form of boric acid) were sprayed at two concentrations (0 and 500 mg L⁻1). In addition, Clorella vulgaris algae were incorporated in the soil in three concentrations (0, 100 and 200 ml L⁻1). The results demonstrated that melatonin and boron play an important and dynamic role in increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase) under drought-induced stress conditions, which improves the nutrition and physical condition of the palms and eventually reflected in fruit quality. In addition, the soil application of Chlorella vulgaris at varying levels increased sharply nitrogen and potassium content in palm leaves. These factors combined alleviate environmental pressures on date palms in desert conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mustafa Esam mohammed Al-Asally https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ASSOCIATION OF FABP T3499A GENOTYPE WITH BODY MEASUREMENTS, TEMPERATURE, AND MILK PRODUCTION PARAMETERS IN IRAQI BUFFALOES
The study aimed to detect the genotype of the FABP gene T>A: 3499 in a sample of 41 buffaloes to investigate the relation between this genotype and several productive traits. The study was conducted from October 1st, 2024, to January 30th, 2025, at the Ruminant Research Station in Abu Ghraib. By detecting the genotype of the FABP gene at the T>A: 3499 site, two genotypes, TT and TA, were identified. Their distribution ratios were 80.49% and 19.51%, respectively (P≤0.01). The allelic frequencies for the T and A alleles were 0.90 and 0.10, respectively. Significant differences (P≤0.01) were found in body length, Heart girth, and body temperature during the 2nd month of the study. Regarding milk production and composition, the first month was represented by milk density, the 2nd month by the daily milk yield (DMY), and the 3rd by DMY and density. The TA genotype showed superiority over the TT genotype for heart girth, milk density in the first month, DMY in the 3rd month. In conclusion, the study of genetic structures in the FABP gene: T>A: 3499, the resulting changes can be used in the process of genetic improvement of Iraqi buffaloes performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 S. K. Kazem , N. N. Al-Anbari ; S.N. Alwaeli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF KNIFE PENETRATION ANGLE ON IMPROVING THE CUTTING EFFICIENCY AND REDUCING THE ENERGY CONSUMPTION
ABSTRACT This experiment is dedicated to study the impact of essential technical and engineering parameters on the performance of an agricultural residue shredder for producing non-traditional ruminant nutrition. The study was carried out in the workshop of Agriculture college at Ain Shams University in Egypt, during the academic year of 2023-2024. The investigation tested two shredder knife speeds of (1300 vs 1500 rpm), two feeding rates of (1.5 vs 3 kg.min-1), and two penetration angles of (20° vs 30°). The evaluated technical traits comprised: productivity, cutting efficiency, total required power, and specific energy. The moisture content of palm frond was 39%. The findings displayed that the greatest recorded productivity was 108.23 kg.h-1, with the highest shredding efficiency was 87.67%. The least overall required cutting power was 1.040 kW, furthermore, the least recorded specific energy value was 0.01255 kW·h·kg⁻¹. These results indicate that optimizing shredder knives’ velocity and feeding rates can lead to enhance efficiency and reduce the energy consumption in agricultural residue handling, contributing to a more efficient feed production. The Statistical System that was adopted for Analysis was Genstat Discovery Edition 4. To analyze the data according to a split experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test p< 0.05 was used to compare the means.
Copyright (c) 2026 Saif Ahmed Rawdhan, Waleed Kamel Elhelew, Muhammad AhmedMayhoub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
IMPACT OF COMPLETED FEED SYSTEM ON FEED DIGESTIBILITY AND SOME BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF GOAT BUCKS
The study looks at the effect of an ad libitum complete feed system on feed intake, digestibility, and blood biochemical parameters in goat bucks. There are two experiments with Two roughage-to-concentrate ratios (70:30 and 50:50), each with varying acetate levels (0%, 2%, 3%). The rations involved treated and untreated roughage sources like palm fronds and wheat straw. The first experiment had four treatments (T1,T2,T3 and T4) with the 70:30 ratio and acetate levels. The second experiment used fimilar number of bucks but with a 50:50 ratio, resulting in (T5,T6,T7 and T8) . The design was a 2x4 factorial, completely randomized. The results showed that the 50:50 ratio with urea-treated roughage and 2% acetate (T6, T7) performed best, The dry matter intake in the T6 treatment increased to 1,215 g/day. Similarly, the organic matter intake reached an average of 1,104 g/day, while crude protein consumption was 171 g/day. Ether extract intake amounted to 44 g/day, and crude fiber consumption reached 297 g/day. Additionally, the nitrogen-free extract intake increased to 591 g/day, whereas the metabolizable energy intake averaged 13.18 g/day, improving intake, digestibility, TDN, and blood parameters. The conclusion is that 50% urea-treated roughage with 50% concentrate and 2% acetate enhances feed intake and digestibility, mitigates ammonia issues from urea, and improves rumen efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 M. H. Kadhim, Jamal A.T. Al-Ani , Salam S. Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Genotyping of MC4R gene (G923>T) and its association with productive performance and carcass traits in Ross 308
This study was aimed to select MC4R gene as a candidate gene for growth and carcass traits in Ross 308. The productive characteristics were studied weekly for 42 days for 100 chicks numbered individually. Blood samples were collected from chickens at 21 days old, Genotypes of MC4R were obtained using PCR products sequence. In this study, DNA sequencing data for the MC4R gene was detected technique SNP(G923>T) (1050bp) with three genotype appeared as (GG- GT- TT). However, the results show that a highly significant differences (P<0.01) between the MC4R genotype and body weight, weight gain, leg length and drumstick weight, with a significantly differences (P<0.05) in all of breast depth, drumstick length, carcass weight, back weight, weight of wings and abdominal fat weight. There was no variation detected in body length, breast circumference, drumstick circumference, breast, Neck, Liver, Heart and Gizzard weight. The MC4R gene SNP (G923>T) could be considered as a candidate marker gene for the early chicken selection program for growth and some carcass traits. The abstract must be no longer than 250 words and must clearly emphasise the objective of the study.
Alaa Mohammad-faeq Mohammad-Ameen Alaa Mohammad-faeq Mohammad-Ameen
Eman Hasan AL-Anbari Eman Hasan AL-Anbari
Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Mohammad-faeq Mohammad-Ameen, Eman Hasan AL-Anbari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF URTICA DIOICA AND CAMELLIA SINENSIS ON ROOSTER REPRODUCTIVE AND TESTICULAR TRAITS
This study aimed to investigate the effects of varying dosages of Urtica dioica (nettle) leaf powder and Camellia sinensis (white tea) powder on the reproductive and histological characteristics of rooster testes. Conducted at the College of Agriculture, Al-Qasim Green University, over a 42-day period, the experiment involved 21 roosters at 45 weeks of age, which were randomly assigned to seven treatment groups with three replicates each. The treatment groups included: a standard diet without any additives as the control; a standard diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg or 150 mg/kg of white tea powder; a standard diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg of nettle leaf powder. The results demonstrated significant improvements in sperm concentration, osmotic resistance, ejaculate volume, and individual sperm motility in certain groups receiving white tea and nettle leaf powders.
Emad Abdel-Jabbar Ali Emad Abdel-Jabbar Ali
Ali Sabah Al-Hassani Ali Sabah Al-Hassani
Nihad Abdel-Latif Ali Nihad Abdel-Latif Ali
Copyright (c) 2026 Emad Abdel-Jabbar Ali , Ali Sabah Al-Hassani , Nihad Abdel-Latif Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
AGRICULTURAL EXTENTION CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TRANSTION TO SUSTAINABLE AGRCULTURE IN IRAQ
The aim of this study to identify the requirements for capacity development of agricultural extension system to transform into sustainable and smart agricultural systems in Iraq, and to achieve the research objective a plan was prepared consisting of (35) Requirements distributed to four area. After examining the authenticity and stability of the instrument, the data was collected during the last quarter of 2024 from a sample of its amount (208) employees in the agricultural extension system (higher administrations, middle administrations, workers) in the governorates (Baghdad, Mosul, Salahuddin, Diyala, Babylon, Najaf, Misan and Muthanna). For higher administration, approval averages ranged between (4.23-4.7). intermediate administrations between (4.07-4.48), while for workers approval averaged between (4.2-4.5), the results showed that there were clear differences between the three categories, with p-value in the area of enabling supportive environment.003, in the area of policymakers' commitment .030, in the area of participation 0.001, and in the area of disseminating a development culture 0.001 with a statistical indicator of 0.05.
Israa Jabbar Mhaibes Israa Jabbar Mhaibes
Copyright (c) 2026 Israa Jabbar Mhaibes, Hussain K.Al.Taiy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF PROPOLIS ON SOME PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF AWASSI EWES
This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different levels of propolis on the productive traits of Awassi ewes. Twenty-five ewes with similar weights and ages were used and divided into five groups, with five ewes per treatment. Propolis was administered to the ewes daily for a month premating and a month before the expected birth. The groups included: Control group without adding propolis; 5, 10,15 & 20 g of propolis/ewe/day Dosed to T1, T2, T3 & T4 were closed respectively. The experiment continued until the end of lactation season for these ewes. The T3 treatment exhibited higher (P≤0.01) ewe's weight at mating than other groups, greater (P≤0.05) weight at pregnancy than T1 and T4 treatments, and higher (P≤0.05) weight was observed at birth than the T1 and T2 treatments was observed. The T3 and T4 were significantly superior (P≤0.05) in the daily milk yield (DMY) over the control for the 1st and 2nd productive months. Moreover, T3 exhibited higher (P≤0.05) DMY than T4 and the control in the 3rd productive month. Higher (P≤0.05) milk fat percentage was noticed for T4 than other groups and in the 2nd productive month, whereas T4 was higher (P≤0.01) than with other groups in the percentage of lactose for the 2nd productive month. Higher (P≤0.01) milk protein percentage was observed in T4 treatment over thanT2, T1, and C groups. In conclusion, different levels of propolis affected positively the production performance of Awassi ewes.
Copyright (c) 2026 H. N. Abood, H. K. Al-Waith , S. M. Al-Jubori https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PATHOGENESIS AND MOLECULAR STUDY OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS FROM BROILER CHICKEN
This study was carried out to measure the pathogenesis and molecular identity of an isolated Newcastle disease virus in a broiler farm with more than 85% mortality. Samples (swabs and tissue from the air sac, proventriculus, lung, trachea, and kidney) from broiler chickens were collected having difficulty breathing, depression, nasal discharge, and haemorrhage spots in the gastrointestinal tract. The extracted RNA was used in Real-Time PCR for NDV diagnosis. Specific primer for the partial Fusion gene amplification was used in conventional PCR, and the product was sequenced. In the results, there was clear heavy bleeding in the proventriculus and massive haemorrhagic dots in the gizzard and small intestines. The Real-Time PCR was successful in detecting the viral RNA, and the primer set was specific for partial F gene amplification in the conventional PCR. The nucleotide sequence of the NDV isolate was 20.1%–21.3% variable with all three vaccines used in the area, and it’s named Duhok/Iraq/2023 in the GenBank (Accession number: PQ368580). Further, this sequence shared 98.3% sequence identity with Class II and its sub-genotype VII.1.1. This study reveals the weakness behind the vaccination program against circulated NDV, and further studies are needed for evaluating the available or new vaccines against this disease.
Copyright (c) 2026 Renas Husain Isa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
THE EFFECT OF BIOFERTILIZATION, ORGANIC NUTRIENT SPRAYING AND GLUTAMIC ACID ON SOME LETTUCE TRAITS
A field experiment was conducted over two agricultural seasons, in a field of the Organic Fertilizers Project located in the Bani Zaid district of Shatra, under the Directorate of Agriculture of Dhi Qar. The factorial experiment included three factors conducted within a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) with three replications, 36 treatments per replicate. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of reducing mineral fertilizer application by 50% on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) growth, focusing on the combined impact of biofertilization with mycorrhiza and Azospirillum, along with foliar applications of an organic nutrient solution (Forteorgan) and glutamic acid. Conducted over two agricultural seasons (2022-2023 and 2023-2024). The results indicated that the combined treatment of mycorrhiza and Azospirillum inoculation, coupled with foliar applications of 4 ml L-1 Forteorgan and 500 mg L-1 glutamic acid, significantly enhanced leaf nitrogen percent in both seasons. Additionally, this combination improved leaf phosphorus and potassium percent, as well as total chlorophyll concentration, suggesting that integrating biofertilizers with reduced mineral fertilizer application can effectively promote nutrient uptake and photosynthesis in lettuce plants.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayad Ali Hunaish Al-Samah , Ridha Mustafa Abdul-Hussein Al-Ubaidy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CORN CROP CULTIVATING (AL-NAHRAIN HYBRID) IN SALAHDIN AND KIRKUK GOVERNORATES IN AGRICULTURAL SEASON 2023
ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to measure the efficiency of the performance of the cultivation of Corn crop of the two rivers variety using the DEAP program to measure technical and economic efficiency and measure total productivity based on the Malmquist index for a sample of 60 farmers in the governorates of Salahdin and Kirkuk for the year 2023. The average technical efficiency was 0.858 and the average cost efficiency was 0.604 When measuring the total production efficiency and using the Malmquist index, it was found that the average change in total productivity reached 1.264 The average change in technical efficiency was 1.015 and technical change was 1.237. It can be concluded through these results that the application of modern technologies and the use of improved seeds (the Mesopotamian variety) resulted in the use of productive resources efficiently and then helped farmers to obtain rewarding profits by reducing the costs of growing this variety due to government support for it, so we recommend By expanding the cultivation of this variety and continuing to support the producers of this variety to achieve the desired production levels of the Corn crop in the future.
agricultural technological advancement.data envelop analysis
Copyright (c) 2026 Labwa A. Kordy, Saad J. Alfalluji https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
DETECTION OF GENETIC VARIATION OF IGF1R GENE POLYMORPHISM AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ECONOMIC TRAITS OF GOAT.
The field component of this study was conducted at the Ruminant Research Station affiliated with the Agricultural Research Department, Ministry of Agriculture, using a sample of 79 goats (32 Shami and 47 local). The laboratory phase was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Baghdad, and the Advanced Scientific Laboratory for Genetic and Molecular Gene Technologies, with the aim of extracting genomic DNA. The experiment spanned from November 1, 2023, to May 1, 2024.The study focused on the IGF1R gene, specifically examining exon 12, intron 12, and exon 13, covering a 910-base-pair region. Results revealed two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the analyzed region: G267514A and G267782A. Analysis of the G267514A mutation in local goats identified three genotypes: wild-type (GG) at 71.1%, heterozygous (GA) at 26.67%, and mutant (AA) at 2.22%, with allele frequencies of 84% for G and 16% for A. In Shami goats, this mutation exhibited only two genotypes: wild-type (GG) at 93.75% and heterozygous (GA) at 6.25%, with allele frequencies of 97% for G and 3% for A.The study highlighted significant genetic variation between Shami and local goats regarding the G267514A mutation. This mutation influenced body dimensions, fertility rate, and milk production season length in local goats, while showing negligible effects in Shami goats. The G267782A mutation, however, showed no association with any production traits in either breed..
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali J. Shlaka , Wasan J. Al-Khazraji , Ali N. Abdullah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/