COMPARISON PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FROM TWO DIFFERENT SOLVENTS OF CRUDE CAPPARIS SPINOSA EXTRACTS

An experiment was conducted to evaluate different parts of the plant Capparis spinosa L. extracts for their phytochemical compounds by two different solvents (ethanol &hexane) . The current results showed the superiority of the ethanolic extracts by their quantity and quality of active compounds compared to the hexane extracts. The yield percentage of ethanolic Capparis spinosa L extracts ranges between (3-31%), and color range between Dark brown, and olive with oily texture. Whereas, the yield of the hexane extract ranges between (1-27.9%) and it takes a longer time for extract with difficult to obtain, Ultimately, the results of the phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of numerous active compounds with higher degree of the sediment color in ethanol extracts such as: alkaloids


INTRODUCTION
According to available data, more than threequarters of the world's population depends mainly on plants and plant extracts for their health care needs.Numerous plants play an important role in reducing the severity of diseases and injuries all over the world (32,27).The demand for medicinal and aromatic plants has increased in the market due to their better medicinal value and pharmacological activity.It is estimated that in developed countries the medicine plants account for up to 25% of total medicines, while in fast-developing countries such as India and China, the contribution amounts to 80%.Therefore, the economic importance of medicinal plants is greater for countries like India than for the rest of the world (16,30).C. spinosa L., the caper bush, is a perennial winter-deciduous plant.The plant is best known for its fruit, which is usually used in the manufacture of medicines and ailments.Capparis spinosa L. has been shown to be anti-oxidative (21) and anti-inflammatory (41,43).
anti-bacterial (5,24,25)antihepatotoxic (6,15).Limited articles that focused on the importance of the chemical compounds and health benefits of C. spinosa .Therefore, the main aim of the current search is to investigate the phytochemical compounds in crude extracts by using two different solvents of root, stem, leaves, flowers, and fruit of C. spinose

MATERIALS AND METHODS 1-Collection and Preparation of plant
Capparis spinosa specimens were collected handily from the Algadria region middle of Baghdad city, Iraq.That is located on longitude33°01'.94"Eand latitude44°20'.41"Nduring autumn 2020 as seen in Figure (1).Each part of the plant was collected and stored in plastic bags for transportation to the laboratory.C.spinosa samples were washed with tap water to clean the dirt and then dried for three days in the shadow.Preparation of Soxhlet alcoholic extracts (ethanol & hexane) according to [1,35].In this process full 20gram dry powder of each plant part in thimble and prepared by using a soxhlet apparatus.After completion of the process, the concentrated active constituents from macroalgae were kept in sterilized test tubes stored in a refrigerator till further use.The traces of ethanol were removed by keeping the tubes at 50˚c for 1 hr.All extracts were kept in the serial tube at 4 o C until used.The yield of crude extracts was expressed in g relative to 100 g of dry vegetable matter; it was calculated according to Equation as follows (20):

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Extraction methods are an approach to the separation of the active compounds of plant tissues from inactive components by using selective polar and non-polar solvents.During extraction, solutions defuse into solid plant material and solubilize compounds with similar polarity.In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of C.spinossa were successively extracted by two different organic solvents.Polar solvent Polarity (ethanol), Index ranging (5.2) with boiling point (78).While, the non-polar solvent (hexane) was (0.1) with a boiling point of (69) respectively, as seen in Table (3).Clearly, Hexane solvent tends to be basic more than acidic, unlike ethanol solvent, which tends to be acidic more than basic.The pH value ranged between (9.5-4.2), the higher pH value (9.5) was in stem hexane extract.While the lower pH value (4.2) was in flower ethanol extract.The differences in the pH values are indicative of the nature of the substances in the plant extract, which greatly affect the properties of the extract and its biological efficacy [1,4].The selection of the appropriate extraction method depends on the nature of the plant material, the solvent used, the pH of the solvent, the temperature, and the solvent for sampling.It also depends on the intended use of the finished products (36,17,8).According to the data in Table (2), the best total crude yield extract either in solvent hexane or/and ethanol extract were in Fruits % 27.9% and 31% respectively.While the less total crude yield extract was in root 1 % and 3% respectively.Finally, the higher yield percentage of stem leaves and flowers showed in ethanol solvent (13.9%, 12.8% and 11.3% respectively.The lower yield percentage was shown in hexane solvent (1.7%, 3%, and 1.3%) respectively.Numerous colors of the extracts were shown in the current study, ranging from light greenish, dark reddish, and dark brown to dark molasses with softy to sticky texture.Ultimately, most of the hexane extracts had a smooth oily texture, which may be due to the hexane naturally pulling more oil out of plant tissue products without disturbing the structure of active compounds.This shows that the extraction yield decreases with the low polarity of the solvent used in extraction (3,24).Another study, that agreed with our results, found that the extraction of essential oil from C.spinosa in large amounts and that note the texture of different extracts could be used in the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic nutrient industries [28,33].Hexane is a hydrophobic solvent that is called concretes, and can extract lipophilic plant material such as Octanoic acid, 2-hexenal, butyl isothiocyanate, and Palmitic acid (2).While, [12] mention that the fruit of C.spinosa contains (79%), ash (1.6%), protein (5.8%), fat (1.6%), and crude fiber (5.4%).However, ethanol gave the lowest oil appearance due to its inefficient solvation (7,16).(25,42).Generally, aerial parts contain the dominant flavonoid, and that agrees with (22,43).Stem, leaves, and flowers of C. spinosa were rich in Alkaloids, flavonoids, Glycosides, and tannins, while roots and flowers were poor in Resins, probably due to the type of solvent that prevents capturing some polarity active compounds (3,34,40).Crude hexane extracts essential oils obtained from C. spinosa.Root and stem poor in phenol and tannins in addition, stem poor in Alkaloids and glycosides.Leaves poor in tannins and Resins.The flowers are mostly poor in alkaloids (31).Finally, bioactive phytochemicals analysis presents with a very low gradation of the degree of the sediment color.C. Spinosa has been valued as a rich source of medicinal and nutritional agents for centuries (11,13).The important medicinal, health functions and nutritional characteristics of C. spinosa are due to the presence of numerous compounds such as alkaloids, glucosides, reduced sugars, essential fatty acids, organic acids, vitamin C, terpenoids, flavonoids, and resins in the fruits and leaves of this species due to the effectiveness of these compounds in physiological and defensive processes against bacterial and fungal pathogens that infect the organism (2,18).Present Saponines are biochemical compounds with numerous biological roles such as antiinflammatory allelopathic action, anticarcinogenic, mitigating cell reinforcement, hemolytic, hypocholesterolemic resistance stimulators, and cell layer permeabilizing characteristics (14,38,43).Glycosid consists of sugar that is linked to another functional group via a glycosidic bond, and plays an important role in living organisms (21,42) The results presented in this work confirmed that ethanol was the best solvent to extract phytochemicals compounds such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, flavonols, tannins, and carotenoids.(37).It should be pointed out that there is a significant difference between the phytochemical contents of the different extracts and the plant part used.Therefore, the C. spinosa extracts demonstrated that the solubility of phytochemicals it depends not only on the type of solvent used but also on the part of the plant (23,26,27).

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Position of C. spinosa collected site 2-Indicators of Active Compound in Plant Extracts The preliminary phytochemical screening tests were carried out to identify the useful constituents by standard methods (6,9,15) as seen inTable(1) Figure (2) the descriptive statistics of the yield were differences in the cumulative yield between the two types of solvent.The current results show a 60-minute extraction time by methanol extract gives a yield different from that obtained after 190 min by means of hexane, and that indicates that ethanol solvent needed less time and a greater cumulative yield compared to the hexane solvent.Numerous investigations support our results and have reported that the yield of extraction depends on the solvent with varying polarity, pH, temperature, extraction time, and composition of the sample.Under the same extraction time and temperature, the solvent and composition of the sample are known as the most important parameters (10,19).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Yield profiles as a function of time for ethanol and hexane solvent of C.spinosa root extract It was also observed from the current results of this study, present numerous bioactive phytochemicals analysis in ethanolic crude extracts with higher gradation in the degree of the sediment color compared with hexane extracts(25,42).Generally, aerial parts contain the dominant flavonoid, and that agrees with(22,43).Stem, leaves, and flowers of C. spinosa were rich in Alkaloids, flavonoids, Glycosides, and tannins, while roots and flowers were poor in Resins, probably due to the type of solvent that prevents capturing some polarity active compounds (3,34,40).Crude hexane extracts essential oils obtained from C. spinosa.Root and stem poor in phenol and tannins in addition, stem poor in Alkaloids and glycosides.Leaves poor in tannins and Resins.The flowers are mostly poor in alkaloids(31).Finally, bioactive phytochemicals analysis presents with a very low gradation of the degree of the sediment color.C. Spinosa has been valued as a rich source of medicinal and nutritional agents for centuries(11,13).The important medicinal, health functions and nutritional characteristics of C. spinosa are due to the presence of numerous compounds such as alkaloids, glucosides, reduced sugars, essential fatty