CHARACTERIZATION PHENOTYPE AND GENETIC DISTANCE SOME OF THE NATIVE CHICKEN STRAINS IN JAMBI PROVINCE INDONESIA

Characterization is used to determine genetic quality which is used as a basis for consideration in selection and crossing. The research materials were Super Chicken, Bangkok, KUB, Sentul, Kampung and Merawang. Data including qualitative and quantitative. Descriptive and quantitative qualitative data used t-test, T2-Hotelling test and principal component analysis. Data processing using Minitab and MEGA-X program. The results showed that body weight, weight gain and body size of Super chickens were significantly different (P<0.05) higher than the other chickens. The closest genetic distance between the lines is Kampung dan Sentul chicken, then between Bangkok and Super chicken. Sentul and Kampung chicken have a close relationship with KUB, compared to Bangkok, Super and Merawang. Conclusion: Qualitative criteria for Super, Bangkok, KUB, Sentul, and Kampung are still very diverse, while Merawang chickens are more uniform. The highest body weight up to the age of 4 months is Super chicken, followed by Bangkok, KUB, Sentul, Kampung and Merawang. The increase in the body weight of chickens is achieved at the age of 2-3 months.


INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, it has a diversity of local chicken clumps and currently, there are 31 families, including Super chickens, Balitnak Superior Village chickens KUB-1), Bangkok chickens, Sentul chickens, Merawang chickens and Kampung chickens. Super Chicken is the result of a cross between native chickens and laying hens which have faster growth than native chickens. Chicken KUB-1 is the result of selection from the clumps of native chickens for 6 years based on the Minister of Agriculture Decree No. 274 / Kpts / SR.120 / 2/2014. (15) Bangkok chickens originate from the Ayutthaya area, North Bangkok, which has been developed by the people of Indonesia for a long time, both as broilers, layers and as fighting chickens (32). Sentul Chicken is a local chicken originating from Ciamis Regency, West Java Province and has claimed to be Ciamis Regency's germplasm based on Ministerial Decree No. 689 / Kpts.PD410 / 2/2013. Ayam Merawang has claimed to be Indonesian germplasm through the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No. 2846 / Kpts. / LB.4301812012 and is a genetic source and community assets of the Bangka Belitung Islands Province. Kampung Chickens are local chickens that are mostly kept by Indonesians but do not yet have special characteristics compared to other local chickens. However, until now there is relatively little information regarding the phenotype. Efforts can be made to obtain phenotypic information, it is necessary to characterize both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative characteristics are descriptive characteristics in which individuals can be classified into one, two or more groups and distinct groupings from one another. Qualitative characters are controlled by one or more genes and little or no environment. Several qualitative studies have been conducted, such as the Burgo chicken (38). Bekwaara local chickens (8), Kampung chickens in Nabire Indonesia (9), Pelung chickens, Indonesia (5), chicken in Kampung Lombok Island, Indonesia (17). Characteristics are properties that can be measured, valued economically, can be seen by many people, can be used by environmental factors which can be used for early selection. Sayings that can also be used to measure productivity, measure and mark the size and shape of livestock (4). Quantitative parameters include body weight, body weight gain, and body linear size (9; 30). Genetic diversity, which includes qualitative and quantitative traits, is needed in carrying out breeding programs (2) and sustainable genetic improvement (6) as a consideration in selection and crossing. One of the basic studies to find out genetic information is genetic information (18 ,26; 31). Quantitative characteristics can also be use to analyze genetic distances. The genetic distance of a gene in a population is measured using a numerical quantity of tree use derived from phylogenetics. A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram depicting an arrangement of genetic relationships in a population. On the other hand, until now, the quantitative characterization and genetic distance of Super, Bangkok, KUB, Sentul, Kampung and Merawang chickens have not been widely known, therefore research was carried out on "characterization and genetic relationships of several local chicken lines in Jambi Province, Indonesia.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The materials of this research were Super Kampung Chickens, Balitnak Superior Village (BSV), Bangkok, Sentul, Kampung and Merawang. The equipment used, namely; stationery, a digital scale with a capacity of 3 kg with an accuracy of 0.1 g, digital calipers, measuring tape, and a digital camera. Experimental research method with direct observation of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Chickens are raised from DOC to 4 months of age. Chicken rearing system in colony cages with commercial feeding and drinking continuously (ad libitum). Each line is placed in a different cage from the other lines. The size of the cage used is 4 x 3 m, which is equipped with a place for feeding, a place for drinking, and a lamp for lighting. Each chicken is tagged with a number on the wing (wing-tag  (11). The Mahalanobis distance approach with the correlation matrix between variables based on the Chicken line group is arranged into a matrix used to determine the discriminant function. The discriminant function can be used to determine the percentage of genetic similarity and distance between chicken lines. Dendograms of genetic distance between chicken lines were analyzed using the UPGMA (Unweight Pair Group Method with Arithmetic) method with the help of the MEGA X application (37). Minimum statistical distance according to (22). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Qualitative characteristics of native chickens: Qualitative traits are descriptive traits in which individuals can be classified into one, two, or more groups and the groupings differ markedly from one another. The results of observations on the qualitative properties of Super chickens, Bangkok chickens, Kampung chickens, Sentul chickens, KUB chickens and Merawang chickens including comb shape, beak color, lobe color and shank color are shows in Table 1 and Figure 1. Super chicken's comb forms include a single comb, ros comb, pea comb and walnut comb, with the highest form in male Super chickens being single comb (73.17%), while female Super chickens are walnut comb (60.98%). This is following the opinion of (3) stated that most male Super cock's comb is single. Bangkok's cock has a single comb and a pea's comb with the most forms in males is a single comb (60.98%) and females are pea's comb (90.24%). Male and female KUB combs have various forms of a comb, including single comb, pea comb and walnut comb, with the most forms being single comb in males and walnut comb in females with a frequency of 46.34% and 56.1% respectively. The shape of the male Sentul's comb is a single comb with a frequency of 75.61% and the female is walnut (68.29%). This is following the opinion of (21) that Sentul chickens generally have a single comb. The form of Kampung chicken's comb includes single's comb, ros's comb, pea's comb and walnut's comb with the most forms in males being single comb (60.98%) and females being pea's comb (65.85%). The results of this study are following the statement of (2) which states that the form of the male Kampung chicken's comb is a single comb, while the female Kampung chicken is a pea comb. Merawang chickens, both male and female, mostly form a single comb with a frequency of 100% and 81.82%, respectively. This is following the research results of (14), which states that Merawang chickens have a single comb form with a phenotypic frequency of 100%.
Super chicken's beak color, namely 80.49% yellow in males and 58.54% black in females. The largest beak color in male Bangkok chickens is black with a frequency of 60.98% and the female is yellow with a frequency of 85.37%. The largest beak color in KUB chickens, both male and female, is black with a frequency of 90.24% and 90.24%. Most of the beak color in Sentul chickens is yellow with a frequency of 100% in males and black with a frequency of 100% in females. Kampung Chickens, both male and female, mostly have a black beak with a frequency of 65.85% for males and 85.37% for females. Merawang chickens, both male and female, have a yellow beak with a frequency of 100% in males and 100% in females. This beak color is caused by the pigment color of the skin. This is following the opinion of (34) that the color of the beak and the color of the feet is determined by the color of the skin pigment, namely the lipochrome pigment. The color of the lobe in super male chickens is red with a frequency of 51.22% and the female is white with a frequency of 65.85%. Bangkok chickens, both male and female, have the reddest lobe with a frequency of 100% for males and 97.56% for females. KUB chickens, both male and female, were mostly white with a frequency of 58.54% for males and 97.56% for females. The color of the lobe in Sentul, both male and female, is red with a frequency of 51.22% and 87.8%. The color of the most lobe of native chickens is 56.1% red in males and 65.85% in white in females. According to (17) that the color of the largest Kampung chicken lobe is red. Merawang chickens, both male and female, have the most lobe white with a frequency of 100% for males and 63.41% for females. The results of observations on the qualitative properties of the most shank color in super chickens, both male and female, were white with a frequency of 80.49% and 63.41%. Bangkok chickens, both male and female, are mostly white with a frequency of 100% for males and 90.24% for females. The most shank color of KUB chickens is black with a frequency of 78.05% in males and 80.49% in females. The shank color of both male and female Sentul chickens is yellow and gray with a frequency of 75.61% and 68.29%, respectively. The most shank color in Kampung chickens is black, for males it is 63.41%, while females are 73.17%. The shank color of Merawang chickens, both male and female, is gray with a frequency of 100% and 78.05%. The different color of the shank is caused by the presence of different pigments. According to (2) stated that the black shank color in chickens is caused by the high melanin content in the dermis layer while the yellow shank color is caused by the lack of melanin content in the dermis (albino) layer.    Table 2 and Figure 2. The average body weight of super chickens in this study is not much different from the results of Trisiwi's research (39) which states that the bodyweight of Super chicken aged 2 months range from 618.5 g -899.5 g. The weight of the Super chicken at 8 weeks of age averaged 862.24g and 16 weeks of age ranged from 1257.4 -1782.2 g (23). The Bangkok chicken bodyweight of this study was better than that of (28) which states that the bodyweight of chickens resulting from crossing male laying races x Bangkok females and Bangkok male x laying breed females aged 9 weeks is 767.59 ± 30.56 g and 612.42 ± 31.33 g. The bodyweight of KUB chickens from this study was higher than the results of several studies at the age of 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, which were 512 g and 795 g (38), 3 months old KUB chicken weight 750 g (36). The results of the study were not much different from those of (30) which states that the bodyweight of KUB chickens aged 2 months is 713.15 ± 66.7 g and 3 months is 1,108.42 ± 84.52 g. The bodyweight of Sentul chickens from this study is slightly lower, compared to IPB D-1 G4 chickens, which are a cross of Sentul chickens with several chicken lines, with a weight of 3 months 1193.9 ± 142.80 g (12), slightly higher than the study by (30) who got the weight of Sentul chickens aged 2 months of 632.88 ± 85.10 g. The bodyweight of the native chickens from this study was better than that of (35) which states that the weight of freerange chickens aged 10 weeks is 532 g., 3 months old ranges from 943.83-1030.60 g (10). The bodyweight of Merawang chickens from this study was higher than the results of Hardini's research (13) which stated that the bodyweight of Merawang chickens aged 4 weeks was 220.24 g.

Figure 2. Graph of body weight of several native chickens Weight gain of native chickens
The weight gain of several native chicken DOC-1 month, 1-2 months, 2-3 months and 3-4 months are shows in Table 3 and Figure 3. Bodyweight gain is a response to the ability of chickens to digest food. Based on Figure 3, it can be seen that in general Super kampung chickens have the highest body weight gain from DOC to 4 months, while the lowest is Merawang chickens. The highest to the lowest daily body weight gain was the chicken Kampung Super> Bangkok> KUB> Sentul> Kampung and> Merawang. The increase in body weight of Super chickens, Bangkok KUB, Sentul, Kampung, and Merawang, the age period of DOC-1 month, 1 -2 months and 2-3 months continues to increase, but in the 3-4 month age period, there is a decrease in body weight gain compared to the age period 2-3 months. It is assumed that at the age of 3-4 months the chickens will experience sexual maturity so that the food consumed is not only used for growth. This is following the opinion of (25) stated that the optimal growth phase of chickens occurs at a maximum age of 12 weeks before entering sexual maturity. The period of accelerated growth generally occurs before the cattle are sexually mature and then there is a slowdown. Growth has a fast and slow stage, the fast stage occurs at birth to sexual maturity (puberty), while the slow stage occurs when the body's maturity has reached (1).

Figure 3. Graph of the Weight Gain of Native Chickens T 2 -Hotteling test
The T2-Hotteling statistical test was used to determine the similarities and differences in body sizes between herds of livestock are presented in Table 4. The results of statistical analysis of the T2-Hotteling test (Table 4), body size between all lines were significantly different (P<0.05). This difference is thought to be due to genetic differences between lines because environmental factors have been strived to be so uniform that environmental diversity is almost non-existent. ( that each of the native chicken lines has the same size characteristics, but the shape characteristics are different. This condition is caused by the characteristics of the size is influenced by the environment, while the character of the shape is influenced by genetics. This is following the opinion of (19) that morphometric identification with principal component analysis (PCA) is to determine size traits that are influenced by environmental factors and shape traits are influenced by genetic factors. The main component I is the size factor and the main component II is the shape factor. The scores on the size equation (X-axis) and shape (Y-axis) are visualized in the form of a crowd diagram (24). The complexity diagram is presented in Figure 4. Figure 4 shows that the characteristics of the body size of the Kampung Super and Bangkok chickens are more on the right side of the Xaxis and the top of the Y-axis and have a lot of overlapping dendograms. KUB chickens are all at the bottom of the Y-axis and most are the right part of the X-axis. Sentul and Kampung chickens are mostly at the bottom of the Yaxis and the left part of the X-axis. Sentul chickens have dendograms that are more closely related to KUB chickens than Kampung. Very few KUB chickens have very little dendogram that coincides with free-range chickens. Merawang Chicken is located at the top of the Y-axis and to the left of the X-axis.

Figure 4. Crowd Diagram Genetic Distance
Genetic distance are the degree of genes differences (genomic difference) in a population or species as measured by numerical quantities. The results of genetic distance are used to determine the phylogenetic tree. A phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that describes an arrangement of kinship relationships in a particular population or group. The genetic distance matrix between Super Chicken, Bangkok chicken, KUB chicken, Sentul chicken, Kampung chicken and Merawang chicken is presented in Table 6 and Figure 5. Table 6 shows that the closest genetic distance between chicken lines is between Sentul and Kampung chickens, followed by Bangkok and Super chickens. Sentul chickens and native chickens have a close relationship with KUB chickens, compared to Bangkok, Super and Merawang chickens. The phenogram tree depicts the genetic distance of all chicken lines ( Figure 5). Based on the phenogram tree, the results of this study show that Kampung chickens with Sentul chickens have a closer kinship relationship, as well as between Bangkok chickens and Kampung Super chickens so that if you want to crossbreed between Sentul and Kampung chickens as well as Bangkok and Super Kampong, the quality improvement should be improved. genetics is less than optimal. According to (7) that if the crossing is done between clumps that have a close genetic distance, the results of the crossing are less than optimal and good if not accompanied by strict selection. This is because, from the crossover, heterotic traits will not be obtained due to the small diversity in the lines. According to (16) that genetic distances that are relatively close if crossed will not get impressive quantitative measurement progress because the nature of heterosis is mostly derived from diversity within the nation. Furthermore, according to (29). Whereas close genetic distance should not be done by mating, because inbreeding will occur, high intensity of inbreeding will reduce production traits and reduce the diversity level of quantitative traits with increasing homozygous genes. However, if the kinship is not close, then action needs to be taken to increase the quantitative size, namely by crossing.