IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

ROLE OF TENURE IN THE FESIBILITY OF WHEAT PRODUCTION PROJECTS IN DHI- QAR GOVERNORNORATE

2019-10-23T17:57:50+00:00

Projects of various sizes and types are the most important factors for the success of economic development plans in general. Agricultural projects and agricultural cooperatives are also considered as the basis for agricultural development in the economies of many countries. One of the most important targets of development is to fight poverty and famine, and achieving that depends on how to deal with agricultural lands with good management and scientific methods. The aim of this research is to identify the economic feasibility of one of the agricultural activities in the province of Dhi Qar. The study included 132 farms specialized in the cultivation of wheat crop in the province of Dhi Qar for the agricultural season 2017-2018. The results of the research showed that the projects in the province have economic and technical efficiency and proved the results of the economic feasibility criteria of investment in such projects. The researchers found that the size of the possession 30-50 dunums has both productive and technical efficiency, while the farmers with holdings of more than 50 dunums has the best economic efficiency in the use of available resources, despite the low productivity if the return on investment about 188% in small farms, while the profitability of about 119% dinars, while the capital productivity amounted to about 2.081 dinars, and therefore the researchers recommended the need to encourage investment in the large plants given their ability to absorb technology, reduce average production costs and intensify other resources.

IMPACT OF PRODUCT DUMPING ON THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN IRAQ (2009-2017)

2019-10-23T18:00:39+00:00

The aim of this work was to check the presence of the dumping from neighboring countries of Iraq, Turkey and Jordan. The margin of dumping was calculated by taking the difference between the normal value and the export price. If it exceeds 2%, then there is dumping. Product dumping in Iraq has increased since 2003, and it is increasing from year to year for many types of agricultural and food commodities. Main reasons are the high rate of imports and the absence of trade policies represented by customs tariffs which in turn control the trade exchange. The research concluded that there is an intentional dumping in the trade of some agricultural commodities with Iraq from neighboring countries. Trade exchange with these countries has negative effects on the domestic product.

ESTIMATING PROFIT , COST FUNCTION AND TECHNICAL EFFICIENCIES OF RICE PRODUCTION IN NEJAF FOR SEASON 2016*

2019-10-23T18:03:36+00:00

The aim of this study was to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as economic, price, cost, and technical efficiencies beside the other economic indices at actual, optimal and profit-maximizing output of rice. A random sample of 240 rice farms in Nejaf province was used during the agricultural season 2016. From efficiency scales of profit function, it was shown that the output quantity had the greatest impact on the profit compared to other variables (average output costs and price). According to the cost function, the optimum output level and the profit- maximizing output level for the short run were 64.84 tons and 117.4 tons respectively. The lowest price that the farmer can accept was 194.83 thousand dinars / ton. At this price, the producer loss all fixed costs in the short run, hoping that the price of rice will improve in the long run. Net profit was estimated on the basis of actual output, cost minimizing output (optimal) and profit-maximizing output, which amounted to 8084.32, 30852.65 and 45547.5 thousand dinars, respectively. The of technical efficiency were 34%. and the cost efficiency was 0.52. We conclude from the study that economic resources have not been exploited optimally, indicating that actual output is far from optimal output. The study recommends a output policy aimed at increasing economic efficiency and optimizing the use of available resources.

USING MOTAD MODEL TO DETERMINE EFFICIENT PRODUCTION PLANS IN AL-KADHIMIYA AGRICULTURE DIVISION FARMS UNDER RISK AND UNCERTAINTY CONDITIONS 2012-2017

2019-10-23T18:05:58+00:00

The objective of this research is to determine the current crop structure of Al- Kadhimiya Agriculture Division farms in order to determine the optimal use of the economic resources available for the purpose of achieving optimum crop structure that maximizes profits and total and net agricultural incomes. The study based on the use of (LP) technique to determine the optimum agricultural production plan with the highest net income using the statistical program (QSB), as well as (MOTAD) model was used to determine efficient agricultural plans (Income - Deviation) (E-A) and derive plans that take into account the risk margin of each farm plan using (MOTAD), as a model of alternative (LP) models for quadratic programming models, which used to determine the optimal farm production plans under conditions of risk and uncertainty, and sensitivity analysis was used of this model. The research has reached a number of conclusions, perhaps the most important of which is the matching of the research results to the research hypotheses. It was also found that the efficient plans that take into account the margin of risk have differed from the optimal plans which do not take into account the risk conditions which aim to maximize the expected income represented by the first plan obtained from using LP model. One of the most important recommendations of the research is that farmers should include the risk and uncertainty component within their plans to be more accurate and efficient by using mathematical models to analyze and determine efficient production plans under the risk and uncertainty conditions which represented by MOTAD model.

STUDY OF A COMBINED DEVICE TO REDUCE THE TOXICITY OF EXHAUST GASES OF DIESEL ENGINES, AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY

2019-10-23T18:10:42+00:00

This study was aimed to reduce the toxicity of exhaust gases from diesel engines used in agriculture. Indicators are provided for a technical assessment of the efficiency of exhaust gas cleaning for diesel engines that have a significant impact on agricultural crops. A scheme for the installation of a common device to reduce the exhaust toxicity of diesel engines on the YaMZ-238 engine was described during the test and a research methodology is presented. The main results obtained during the improved toxicity testing device installed on the ULTZ-700 tractor are given with the YaMZ-238 engine, which fully reflects the efficiency of cleaning emissions. The reliability graphs are designed to characterize cleaning efficiency, and the experimental formulas obtained are given. Technical and economic assessment techniques are provided for exhaust gas rates, which apply to the developed device to reduce toxicity. As a result, the main conclusions of the study were formulated.

EFFECTS OF AMMONIUM SULFATE AND SEAWEED EXTRACT (ALGA21ST) AS FOLIAR SPRAY TO NUTRITION CONTENT OF TWO CULTIVARS OF SWEET CHERRY (PRUNUS AVIUM L.) TRANSPLANTS

2019-10-23T18:13:52+00:00

This study was conducted during the two growing seasons 2016 and 2017 in the lath house at the College of Agriculture, Duhok University, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Uniform and healthy transplants of (2) years old sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) cultivars (evey loly and shampion) were used. The effects of three levels of Ammonium sulfate (NH₄)₂SO₄) (as source of nitrogen) (0, 3 and 6 gm L^-1), three levels of seaweed extracts (alga21st) concentrations (0, 1 and 2 gm.L^-1) and their interactions on leaf nutrients status, the content of protein, carbohydrate were investigated. The results showed that cv. evey loly transplants significantly dominated over cv. shampion in leaf N concentration % and protein % (in second season), leaf S concentration % (in first season) , leaf K concentration % and carbohydrates % (in both season), Ammonium sulfate at concentration 6 gm.L^- ¹ N significantly increased all traits in both seasons. Also treated sweet cherry transplant to different level of seaweed extract (alga21st) and especially at 2 gm.L^-1 significantly increased most characterized studied in both seasons. The interactions between cultivar and ammonium sulfate significantly enhanced all detected traits particularly interaction between (cv. evey loly and 6 gm.L^-1 N) in 2016 and 2017 seasons. Interaction between cultivar and alga21st significantly increased most characteristics in both study seasons. cv.evey loly with 2 gm.L^-1gave positive significant of leaf N concentration % and leaf phosphorous concentration (in 2017 season), leaf K concentration, leaf S concentration %, protein % and carbohydrates % (in both seasons). While combination between cv.shampion and 2 gm.L^-1significantly effect on the leaf P concentration % in first season (2016). Combination between ammonium sulfate and alga21st had the highest significant, The dual interaction between 6 gm.L^-1N +2 gm.L^-1alga21st significantly increased leaf N concentration %, leaf P concentration %and protein % (in second season), leaf K concentration and carbohydrate % (in both seasons), leaf S concentration % (in first season). On the other hand interaction between 6 gm.L^-1 N +1 gm.L^-1had the highest significant in leaf N concentration %, leaf P concentration % and protein % (in first season). The interaction between cultivar +ammonium sulfate a+ alga21st significantly enhanced all studied traits in both study season.in first season the triple interaction between cv.evey loly +6 gm.L^-1N +1 gm.L^-1alga21st significantly increased on leaf N concentration % and protein %, while combination between cv.evey loly +6 gm.L^-1 N +2 gm.L^-1 alga21st had highest significant in leaf N concentration %, leaf P% and protein % (second season), leaf K concentration and carbohydrate % (in both seasons).

EFFECTS OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF AMINOPLASMAL, BORON, ZINC AND THEIR INTERACTIONS ON FRUIT SET AND YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF PISTACHIO (Pistacia vera L) cv. HALABY

2019-10-23T18:17:12+00:00

This study was performed at a private orchard in the Ekmale area of Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region, Iraq, during the seasons of 2016 and 2017 to investigate the effects of foliar sprays of three concentrations of aminoplasmal (0, 100, 200 ml.L⁻¹), three concentrations of boron (0, 200, 300 mg. L⁻¹) and three concentrations of zinc (0, 400, 600 mg. L⁻¹) on fruit set and yield characteristics of 14-years old "Halaby" pistachio. The factorial experiment within randomized complete block design was used. Foliar spraying of studied elements was applied at twice during growing seasons. The results showed that fruit set percentage, yield, and yield characteristics were significantly affected by foliar application of aminoplasmal, Boron and Zinc each alone. In combination, the triple interactions among 200ml.L^-1 aminoplasmal plus 300mg.L^-1 boron and 600mg.L^-1 zinc was the most affected one which surpassed significantly on the control treatment and other treatments at both seasons. This data also display that primary fruit set% and final fruit set% in 2016 were higher than that of 2017, but yield, carbohydrate % and fat % were greater in the 2017 than they were in the 2016. In general, in this study, it was discovered that treatments with aminoplasmal, boron and zinc significantly increased yield of pistachio.

LAB-SCALE PRODUCTION OF RHAMNOLIPID BY PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA A3 AND STUDY ITS SYNERGISTIC EFFECT WITH CERTAIN ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA

2019-10-23T18:39:00+00:00

This study was aimed to obtain the considerable amount of the biosurfactant (rhamnolipid) from local isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on industrial-scale. A 7L laboratory bioreactor was appointed to accomplish this task and all conditions of production were set as previously by batch culture experiments. Bioreactor with 3.5 L working volume was conducted for 120 h to obtain 16 g/L at 30ºC and 6.5 pH. The supernatant of production medium was used to reduce the surface tension of water from 72 to 27 mN/m, and the emulsification index was reached to 67%. The product was extracted with a mixture of solvents, purified by silica gel using a column of glass chromatography (3.5 × 30cm), and characterized by TLC and FTIR where it turn out that the biosurfactant is composed of both mono- and di-rhamnolipid. Mono-RL was tested for its antibacterial activity against some clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria to obtain the MIC, which was about 250µg/ml, also at same concentration, the toxicity against Rat embryonic fibroblast (REF) cell line was reached to 23%. The combination effect of Mono-RL with some antibiotics was studied against pathogenic clinical isolates revealed that there is a synergistic effect with ampicillin against S. aureus and Serratia marcescens, with cefotaxime against E. coli and Kelbsiella pneumoniae, same as with tetracycline.

EFFECT OF MAGNESIUM APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCY (PUE) OF SOME PHOSPHATE FERTILIZERS AND ON MAGNESIUM AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY MAIZE (ZEA MAY L.)

2019-10-23T18:42:29+00:00

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate effect of magnesium application on efficiency of some phosphate fertilizers and phosphorus and magnesium uptake of maize. Three types of phosphate fertilizers (Triple super phosphate TSP, Di ammonium phosphate DAP and Urea phosphate UP) and five levels of magnesium (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg Mg ha^-1) as MgSO₄.H₂O were used in the study of. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates were used. The results showed that the UP fertilizer was the most efficient in increasing P uptake, PUE and obtaining the highest response of maize compared with DAP and TSP. PUE, and they were 75.33, 64.23 and 56.96% for UP, DAP and TSP respectively. The results showed also that all of the plant parameters significantly increased as the level of Mg increased from 0 to 100 kg Mg ha^-1. The level of 75 kg Mg ha^-1 gave the highest values of P uptake in straw part, grains and total uptake and they were 97.87, 43.62 and 140.63 kg ha^-1, while the level 100 kg Mg ha^-1 gave the highest values for Mg uptake which were 71.57, 14.01 and 85.58 kg ha^-1respectively. The results showed significant positive correlations of quadratic equation between magnesium level and all of studied parameters.

SOME CATIONS MOVEMENT IN CALCAREOUS SOIL COLUMNS UNDER EFFECT OF SALINE WATER MIXED WITH HUMIC ACID

2019-10-23T18:45:04+00:00

A laboratory experiment was conducted to study the impact of humic acid with different levels of saline water on the movement of Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium, and the kinetics of Sodium adsorption ratio in calcareous soil with a texture clay loam using the mixing displacement techniques. The soil was taken from the surface layer (0-30 cm), air dried and passed through a 2 mm diameter sieve. It was filled in columns of polyethylene. A fixed column of water was placed above the surface of the soil column of different salinity water (0.72, 3.00, 5.00 and 7.00 dSm^-1), in accordance with humic acid levels of 0.00, 0.25 and 0.50 g L ^-1. The process of washing and collecting leachate continued daily. The amount of Sodium, Calcium and Magnesium in the water filtered over time. The results showed that the amount of Sodium released increases with the levels of added humic acid and any levels of saline water used. The amount of Calcium and Magnesium released decreases with time and increases the added levels of the humic acid and any levels of saline water used. Diffusion equation is the best equation described the movement of salt.

EFFECT OF ADDITION OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FORMIC ACID AND UREA ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND FERMENTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF WILD REED PHRAGMITIS COMMUNIS SILAGE

2019-10-23T18:48:35+00:00

This study was carried out in the laboratory to investigate the effect of addition of different levels of formic acid (FA) and urea on chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of common reed silages. About 400-500g of silage samples were prepared by treating chopped reed plants (2-3 cm) with solutions containing 10% of date juice, 0.5, 1 or 1.5% of FM and 0, 1 or 2% of urea. Silage samples were packed in double nylon bags and stored anaerobically for 60 days. Results showed that green color was roughly dominant in most samples of silage with vinegar odor. Samples were well aggregated with little mold was observed in few urea untreated silages. Results revealed also that increasing level of FA from 0.5 to 1 and 1.5% increased (P˂0.01) contents of dry matter (DM) by 0.79 and 1.15%, and crude protein (CP) by 1.42 and 2.11% respectively, and decreased (P˂0.01) ether extract (EE), by 0.29 and 0.63%. About effect of urea levels, most variables pointed out that there was a decrease may be occurred in fermentations due to a significant decrease in contents of DM (P˂0.01) and EE (P˂0.05). Content of crude fiber (CF) was decreased (P˂0.01) from 44.7 to 43 and 41.1% for 0, 1and 2% levels of urea respectively. Results showed that there was a decrease (P˂0.01) in pH values from 5.90 to 4.99 and 4.88, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), from 1.19 to 0.75 and 0.66% of total nitrogen and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) from 6.56 to 4.61 and 4.14 mmol/100 g DM of silage samples as a result of addition of FA at levels of 0.5, 1 and 1.5% respectively. However, increasing urea levels from 0 to 1 and 2% associated with an increase (P˂0.01) in fermentation parameters, 5.02, 5.06 and 5.70 for pH, 0.67, 0.98 and 0.95 for NH₃-N and 3.70, 5.53 and 6.07 mmol/100 g DM for TVFA respectively

ASSESSMENT OF MUTAGENIC AND ANTIMUTAGENIC EFFECTS OF HONEY FORMED BY INNOVATIVE WAY AGAINST CYCLOPHOSPHAMID INDUCED CHROMOSOMAL ABERRATIONS IN BONE MARROW CELLS

2019-10-23T18:50:22+00:00

The present study has been done to assess the mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of honey formed by innovative way (HW) in comparison with two honey formed by different feed sources ; nectar of flowers (HF) and sugar syrup (HS), against the cytotoxity and genotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide (CP) in mice bone marrow cells ,which was evaluated using chromosomal aberration (CA). This search was carried out through two stages. In the first stage, mice were orally treated daily with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) as negative control group, and the other three groups were orally treated daily with two doses of the three types of honey (300 and 600 mg/kg) for 7 and 14 days in order to test the clastogenetic effects of the honey,In the second stage, interactions between the ideal dose (300 mg/kg) of each type of honey and the CP were used for 7 and 14 days in order to test the protective effects of honey formed by innovative way as compard to the other types of honey. The results of the first experiment indicated that the three types of honey has no significant clastogenetic effects on chromosomal aberrations of the bone marrow cells of treated mice. The results of the second experiment was showed that (HW) , especially at the ideal dose (300 mg/kg b.w.) exhibited a well protective and high anti-clastogenic efficiency against the genotoxic actions of the cyclophosphamide (CP) on bone marrow cells, by reduce CA frequencies.

STUDY OF THE PHYSOCHEMICAL, RHEOLOGICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF YOGHURT FORTIFIED WITH MICROENCAPSULATION IRON

2019-10-23T18:52:31+00:00

This study was aimed to determine the effect of milk fortification with encapsulated and non-encapsulated iron on the physiochemical, rheological and sensory properties of the functional yoghurt. Different concentrations of capsulated ferrous sulphate 5, 7.5, 15 mg / 100ml milk were used and represented as T2,T3 and T4 treatments respectively, as well as the treatment with non-encapsulated iron 15 mg / 100 ml as T1 and control treatment (C) in which yoghurt was made from whole milk without iron addition. The physiochemical, rheological and sensory properties of the products were tested during storage period at a temperature ( 5 ± 1) ° C. The results revealed that there was no significant differences (p<0.05) between control and other treatments in moisture, protein, fat carbohydrate, ash content. In addition, the fortified yoghurt samples were showed low ADV and PV values and better sensory and rheological properties.

CONDITION AND DYNAMICS OF CEDAR FORESTS OF WESTERN SIBERIA (TOMSK REGION)

2019-10-23T18:54:32+00:00

The first and only annotated index of the domestic literature on cedar for 1755–1957 «Cedar forests and integrated use» was compiled by well-known local historian M.F. Petrov and published in Sverdlovsk in 1961. The index includes 614 works combined into 7 sections: fruiting of cedar forests, pine nuts, resin tapping of cedar, physicochemical properties of cedar wood, natural regeneration and cedar cultures, insect pest and complex use of cedar forests. Interest in study and use of cedar forests increased sharply after the decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR of October 26, 1957 «On measures to improve the use of cedar plantations, development of handicrafts and increase in harvesting of pine nuts, fur peltries, upland fowl and wild berries» and the All-Russian scientific and production conferences about cedar problems in September 1959 in Novosibirsk and in August 1969 in Tomsk. In the central and northern parts of the Tomsk region Siberian Cedar (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) forms large forests and is present in the plantations of all the main forest-forming species. In 1989, the cutting of cedar was prohibited and therefore, there was an increase in the area of forests of this species in the region, but a decrease in the area of cedar forests is due to forest fires, diseases and forest pests. In this paper the assessment of state and dynamics of Siberian Cedar in Tomsk region was made, that allows estimate economic and environmental importance of cedar forests in the region.

IMPACT OF CHEMICAL THINNING TO IMPROVE FRUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF DATE PALM CULTIVAR KHALAS

2019-10-23T18:56:57+00:00

A field study was conducted to observe the effects of chemical fruit thinning and their time of application on fruit yield and quality of date palm cv. Khalas at Date Palm Research Center of Excellence, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Fourteen date palm trees were randomly selected for the experiment, which was laid out on two-factorial randomized complete block design having six replicates for each treatment. Factor-one comprised of the six chemical (ammonium thiosulphate at 1, 2, and 3% and ethephon at 100, 200 and 300ppm) excluding control, whereas the second factor was the time of application of these two chemical thinners (5 and 10 days after pollination). The findings of this study indicated that the chemical fruit thinning had definite effects on virtually all fruit quality characteristics. Early application of chemical thinners after 5 days of pollination, significantly decreased the total fruits drop percentage and enhanced number of retained fruits, bunch weight, yield per palm, fruit color, fruit weight and length, seed weight, TSS, total and reducing sugars. On the other hand, among chemical thinners, the application of ethephon at 300 ppm significantly improved previously mentioned parameters. Similarly, ethephon at 200 or ATS at 3% also showed promising results. It is therefore, concluded that the application of ethephon at 200 or 300ppm after 5 days of pollination influenced significantly regarding fruit yield and quality parameters of date palm cv. Khalas.

ANALYSIS OF SAVING BEHAVIOR FOR POOR AND NON-POOR HOUSEHOLDS IN AL-AHSA GOVERNORATE, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA, 2018

2019-10-23T18:59:09+00:00

This research was aimed at analyzing the saving behavior of Saudi households in AL-HASA governorate, the eastern region of Saudi Arabia. Data was collected via questionnaire randomly distributed to a sample of 308 Saudi households. The poverty line income was estimated as equivalent to break-even level in saving function, was estimated at 10500 Saudi Riyals per month. Using OLS method consumption and saving functions for Saudi households in AL-HASA governorate were estimated. The marginal propensity to save for poor was higher than that of non-poor households with a statistically significant difference of about 0.35. This indicates that poor households are more willing to save compared to non-poor households if income increases for both. For the determination of factors affecting saving behavior, the study applied the binary logistic regression, using maximum likelihood method with the dependent binary dummy variable of two values defining saving and non-saving households. Results indicated that the probability of saving for non-poor households is affected positively by household income; however, both the size of household and the dwelling type realized negative effects. Hence, the probability of increased saving for a rise in household income by SR 1,000 /month was estimated at 12.5%. In the case of an increase in the number of family members by one person, the probability of saving was less than 29.4%. The probability of saving for households living in rented houses was 60.6% less than the probability of saving for household living in their owned houses. Hence, residential rent represent an obstacle to saving for non-poor households. The most important factor influencing the probability of saving for poor households is number of family labor, where an increase in the number of workers in the poor family by one factor increases the probability of saving 34.6%.

RAPID PROTOCOL OF Aloe vera In Vitro propagation

2019-10-23T19:01:27+00:00

The current research was carried out to enhance Aloe vera propagation via tissue culture technique. BA at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mg/l alone or combined with 0.1 mg/l NAA were used for shoot proliferation. The best result was recorded by using 2mgl-1 BAP (5.33 shoots/ explant). Meanwhile, combination between 2 mg/l BAP with (0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) mg/l kinetin, NAA or IBA were tested and best protocol was shown by using 2 mg1-1 BAP + 0.6 NAA which recorded 4.89 shoots/ explant. For rooting, MS medium at half and full strength salts were used supplemented with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4mgl-1 of NAA. The result revealed that 3 mg1-1 NAA at half strength of MS medium regenerate developed roots (8.67 roots / shoot) within 4 weeks. The well successful healthy plantlets were transferred into a potting mix composed of sand and peat moss which shows 100% survival ratio.

SYSTEMATICS SIGNIFICANCE OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND ANATOMICAL DIVERSITY OF PORTULACA OLERACEA

2019-10-23T19:04:08+00:00

This study was aimed to investigate the Portulaca oleracea is a succulent plant in Portulacaceae family distributed around different regions of Iraq as collected widely in the gardens of Baghdad governorate. The results of this study shown that a systematic significant of morphological and anatomical data. Individuals of purslane showed herb habit with branched shoot stems. Stems and leaves are glabrous and leaves are alternate, the petiole is absent. There is variation in morphological characters as (Flowers, inflorescence architecture), these inflorescences were viewed as clustered in the form of small one carrying many male and female flowers as the inflorescences take the form of long-stemmed. The flowering season for this species is from April till August as a weed in plains, however, anatomical techniques have been used as it revealed two patterns of stomatal complex, paracytic which is the most common followed by tetacytic is limited distributed type and it is recorded for the first time in this species. Druses crystals have been found distributed in the stem with angular collenchyma alternating with xylem parenchyma cells with large intercellular space. As well as, root anatomy has been done and the results showed casperian strips cells clearly in section with xylem and phloem regions.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANN ATOMIC ABSORPTION DETERMINATION CEFIXIME BY CLOUD POINT EXTRACTION IN PURE FORM

2019-10-23T19:06:46+00:00

A simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and ecofriendly method has been developed for the quantitative determination of Cefixime (CFX) in pure form and pharmaceutical preparations by using a combination of cloud point extraction with UV-Visible absorption spectrophotometric method. Analytical applications of complexation with metal ions by reacting Cefixime (CFX) with Iron (III) to form chelate complexes under limited experimental conditions. The method based to dissolved CFX in 0.1 M NaOH, 10% (v/v) Triton X-114 and mixed with (1000 μg mL^-1 ) Iron (III). The formation of CFX- Fe (III) complex was formatted at pH 11 and wavelength at 439 nm. The complex of CFX- Fe (III) obey Beer’s Law in the range 10-160μg/ml. LOD and LOQ values for the complex were 1.5865 μg/ml and 5.2887 μg/ml respectively. Method was validated and successfully applied to drug formulations like syrup infusion The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies and were found satisfactory.

EXPLORATION THE EFFECT OF HIGHER DOSE OF AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF BAMBER FRUIT (CORDIA MYXA ) OF SOME HISTOLOGICAL PARAMETER AND SYMPTOM IN MICE

2019-10-23T19:09:24+00:00

This study was aimed to explore the safe levels of the aqueous and alcoholic extract of the pamper (Cordia myxa) fruit in used mice, and its effect on vital organs.Various doses of 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 mg/kg body weight were used in this study for both aqueous and alcoholic extracts for the entire week. The safe doses of aqueous and alcoholic extracts were then used with 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg / kg body weight and continued observation for two weeks. At the end of the experiment, animal weights were taken, mice were then executed and weights of some of important biological organs such as kidney and liver were weighed and examined for histopathological segments. The results of the study did not show any lethal effects due to the use of aqueous and alcohol extracts with low doses concentrations 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg / kg body weight of the animal of the pamber fruit, but some minor side behavior, as well as there is no significant change in the weights of the body of mice. While the histological test of the liver and kidney showed slight discomfort with minor degenerative changes with the depletion of the diabetic protein pellets at the tissue site. After the end of the experiment, animals weights were taken, and mice were then executed and their weights taken from animals and some of its organs were studied with histological changes of important biological organs such as liver and kidneys.

STUDY OF TOXIC HEAVY METAL REMOVAL BY DIFFERENT CHITOSAN/HYACINTHS PLANT COMPOSITE

2019-10-23T19:11:50+00:00

Water pollution with toxic heavy metals represents a most important problem, as a result of releasing these metals to ecological ambient without treatment, leading to their persistence and non-biodegradation. A variety of traditional methods are utilized as an attempt to remove heavy metals from waste water, but still without making any actual progress. In present work Eichhorniacrassipes (water hyacinth) root and shoot powder ,and ash case with chitosan are used as a removal system for heavy metals (HM), including lead, copper and cadmium from waste water via biosorption process .It was carried out by using two different experimental conditions: (i) heavy metal concentration (1000 ppm), with different pH values, ranged between 3-8 with a constant (HM) (ii) using variable (HM) concentrations with a range (250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm). The results proved a good absorption for the hyacinths plant to the heavy metal ions especially chitosan /hyacinth shoot . Moreover, it was seen that highest removal (98%) of Pb (II), while was removed (98.2%) of Cu (II) and removed )96.8%) of Cd (II) where removal within 24 hr. On the other hand, FTIR spectra of composite materials showed only the characteristic of raw materials bands, which provided a strong indication of composite formation.

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF ARTHROBACTER SPECIES GROWN ON THE SURFACE OF DATE PALM TISSUE CULTURE MEDIA

2019-10-23T19:14:13+00:00

This study was aimed to found out the type of bacterial species grown on the surface of date palm tissue culture media. Shoot tips of date palm (Barhi cv.) were cultured on MS media supplemented with various combinations of hormones. During growth an infection was appeared in all cultures with gray colour. Primarily identification, proved a bacterial infection due to its colour and appearance. The genus Arthrobacter was isolated Antibiotic sensitivity test showed that the isolate was sensitive to ciprofloxacin,Trimethoprim, and Amikacin and resistant to Clarithromycin,Ceftriaxone and Gentamycin. Sequence analysis of 16 rRNA indicated a new isolates were closely related to the Glutamicibacter arilaitensis strain ebst40 and Arthrobacter arilaitensis strain L11 with the highest sequence similarity (100%) .

INFLAMMATORY REACTION AGINST MYCOPLASMA GALLISEPTICUM INFECTION IN BROILER

2019-10-23T19:16:59+00:00

This study was carried out to investigate the Inflammatory reaction in broiler chicken after experimental infection with Mycoplasma gallisepticum(MG) , which were evaluated by using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA) to measure pro inflammatory cytokines and IgG. one hundred day old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups 20 birds each group, all groups except group 5 (control) were infected at two weeks old with 0.2ml of 10⁶cfu/bird of local MG ,groups treated as follows: Group1 : infected Intravenous( I.V) with MG isolate. Group2: : infected Intraocular (I.O) ,Group3: infected Intranasal (I.N),Group4: : infected Intratracheal (I.T) infection, Group5: were not: infected with MG isolate. Blood samples were collected at 1,2,3and 4 weeks post infection to measure Interleukin 1(IL1),Tummer necrosis factor (TNF),Interferon gamma( IFG) used ELISA, also IgG was measure ELISA test at 2,3and 4 weeks after infection . The results of Serological test showed the infected groups with MG revealed significant increase in the levels of IL-1, IFG, TNF (pro inflammatory cytokines) and IgG production compared with control group ,the group 4( I.T) had higher level of these pro-inflammatory cytokines and Immunoglobulins more than other infected groups in all period post infection. From these result, it was concluded that the local isolate of Mycoplasma gallisepticum has the ability to in induce inflammatory reaction in infected broiler chicken.

EXTRACTION OF JOJOBA OIL USING VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF TWO DIFFERENT SOLVENTS

2019-10-23T19:19:29+00:00

The aim of this study was extraction of jojoba oil using different solvents. A mixture of water-hexane and water-ethanol are used as solvents to extract jojoba oil in a batch extraction process and compared with a pure solvent extraction process. The effects of particle size of crushed seeds, solvent-to-water ratio and time on jojoba oil extraction were investigated. The best recovery of oil was obtained at the boiling temperature of the solvent and four hour of extraction time. When seed particle size was 0.45 mm and a pure ethanol was used (45% yield of oil extraction), whereas, it was 40% yield of oil at 25% water- hexane mixture. It was revealed that the water-ethanol and water-hexane mixtures have an effect on the oil extraction yield. The particle size, had a great effect on the maximum oil extracted yields. The maximum yield of oil extraction using pure hexane (35%), while for pure ethanol, the maximum yield of the oil extraction (45%) for the solvent, by using the water-solvent mixture this percentage has significant increasing in water-hexane solvent system.

USING OF ACTIVATED CARBON DERIVED FROM AGRICULTURE WASTE COATING BY LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE FOR COPPER ADSORPTION

2019-10-23T19:21:54+00:00

Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides (LDH) as highly effective clay adsorbents coating activated carbon derived from agricultural waste (AW) were prepared by activation of date palm leaf base (LB) synthesized on Mg/Fe layered double hydroxides. FTIR, SEM and EDS were used to characterize the obtained adsorbent for the copper removal from aqueous solutions. The evaluation of adsorption performances was carried out at various metal concentrations, adsorbent dosage, contact time, and pH. The pseudo-second-order kinetic and the Langmuir isotherm model showed a good compliance with the experimental data, the result demonstrated that the improving adsorption capacity and fast rating adsorption for Cu²⁺resulted from successful intercalation of date palm petiole activated carbon into LDH.